Oral presentation on golf Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Oral introduction on golf - Essay Example Much obliged to you. Golf is a game requiring authority in an assortment of regions for progress. There may be various approaches to progress however it ought to be comprehended that those players who show high and stable outcomes have arrived at statures in the regions of mechanics, physical, wholesome, and mental. Mechanics is the advancement of the best possible biomechanics of the golf swing. Physical involves building up the body around the golf swing. Sustenance joins powering the body for appropriate accomplishment on the green. Mental is the improvement of the right outlook to exceed expectations at the sport of golf. Regularly the golf player will in general concentrate just upon the improvement of the golf swing through authority of biomechanics of the golf swing. It is reasonable why golf players spend an in luxurious measure of this piece of building up their golf match-up: building up the biomechanics of the golf swing requires the player to effectively ace each period of the golf swing (these stages are address, backswing, progress, downswing, and finish). What the tenderfoots now and again neglect to perceive is that extra classifications exist expecting improvement to make the ideal golf swing. Whenever disregarded, these angles can adversely influence the improvement of the golf swing and golf match-up. The following classification requiring advancement inside the golf player is ordered as physical.

The Best Ways to Prevent Overdue Accounts Receivable and Accounts Payable free essay sample

The most ideal approach to forestall late records receivable is to guarantee that every single current account holder are present with their individual installments. This should be possible in a few different ways. One alternative is to have the client arrangement an auto installment plan, permitting the organization to get the monies owed naturally over a foreordained period of time. This strategy for the most part involves offering the client a credit extension and is gradually picking up fame. Another route is to have the client pay for the whole sum on the double, which is the most widely recognized way such things are finished. In this technique the client pays everything at the time the products or administration is gotten, in this manner their parity, and the record receivable parity for this exchange, are at zero promptly following the exchange. The third strategy is for the client to prepay for the products or administration. This technique has the client pay BEFORE they get what is being bought, and saves the individual records at a zero equalization for the exchange. We will compose a custom paper test on The Best Ways to Prevent Overdue Accounts Receivable and Accounts Payable or on the other hand any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page A variation of this strategy is the place the client prepays for part of the exchange, leaving a store, paid before accepting the administration or products, at that point either covering the rest upon conveyance or making planned installments of a foreordained sum through the span of a foreordained timetable. Utilizing one, or these techniques in mix can guarantee that a companys record of sale is rarely past due, and that its remarkable monies owed are paid in an auspicious manner. The most ideal approach to forestall late records payable is for an organization to go into concurrences with different organizations it works with, that permit it to either prepay the entirety of its records all the time for fixed use products and ventures. For instance, prepaying for the twenty-three instances of fax/copier toner utilized every month. Another path if to arrangement a credit extension with another organization for its administrations and setting up an auto pay calendar to pay foreordained sums over a foreordained time span. In this way this will permit the organization to buy merchandise and enterprises varying without the danger of not having the option to pay for required supplies or administrations. Likewise the organization may take part in an arrangement of pay varying merchandise and ventures, paying just for products and enterprises as it utilizes them or upon conveyance. By utilizing these strategies, an organization can guarantee that it can preform its every day undertakings and obligations, without bringing about a lot of obligation to different organizations. In a perfect world, the most ideal route for an organization to stay away from these circumstances is to guarantee that its records receivable is taking in more than their records payable is required to pay out, essentially that the organization turns a benefit. On the off chance that the organization owes more than it takes in it is bombing as a business. On the off chance that it takes in monies precisely equivalent to its working costs, at that point it isn't succeeding, yet nor is it falling flat. At the point when an organization turns a benefit, it is then that it is viewed as productive, and can utilize the benefits to grow its tasks and extension, just as make enhancements to its offices and even recruit more staff. Doing this and in any event, opening new areas and extending their product offering and administrations offered will, truly, acquire them more obligation, yet it will likewise permit at that point expanded income, which will ideally cause a more noteworthy admission of benefit, permitting more prominent development. On the off chance that the organization keeps up this benefit cycle, at that point it will in the end turn an enormous benefit, and along these lines will keep its record receivable and its record payable to productive adjusts. Conceded this is an over disentanglement of the procedure, and so as to keep up its greatest benefits, the organization should guarantee it is getting the least costs from its providers and getting the most extreme benefit from its clients, however this is the most fundamental general guideline of working a business. This is conceivable however business to business arrangements, is effectively reachable for any organization ready to contribute an opportunity to do as such. So in shutting, through arrangement, shrewd business practice and development an organization can forestall past due records.

Class of 2009 Numbers

Class of 2009 Numbers In a recent post, I wrote, Our yield was even higher than we had expected. More news on the yield and makeup of the class soon (though preliminarily there are a few numbers Im very excited about). This left a few people quite intrigued. For example, Laura commented, HmmI know you cant tell us yet, but when you do, can you let us know which numbers excite you? Because that comment intrigues me Wait no longer! Here are this years exciting numbers. The MIT Class of 2009 14% admit rate. We received 10,443 applications and admitted 1495 of those students, making this the most selective year ever in MIT admissions. 67% yield. This represents MITs highest overall yield (the percentage of admitted students who decide to enroll) on record. The numbers wont completely settle for a little while, but I expect the class will ultimately be about 1000 students. 47% female, 53% male. Yes, you read that right: the MIT Class of 2009 will be composed of 53% male students and 47% female students. Previously, the most balanced class was the Class of 2007 at 55% male/45% female. 10% international citizens. Many thanks to the International Students Association for their help with outreach efforts. We had an 86% yield on international citizens, an all-time high. The largest represented state, as usual, is California (12%). Number 2 is New York at about 10%. The largest represented foreign countries are Canada and South Korea. Fun stuff: the most popular male names in the class (tied) are David and Michael (14 each). The most popular female name is Sarah (12) (there are also 4 women named Sara). Class of 2009 Orientation is less than three months away!

Financial Plan for a Business Startup - 797 Words

Financials Any startup business will typically want to have a financial plan. This plan should include a pro forma income statement, balance sheet and cash flow statement. These statements will naturally be built on a set of assumptions. The assumptions are as follows: Revenue. There is a fleet of 4 vehicles and expected revenue is $200 per vehicle per day, seven days per week. Capacity will be at 50% initially, gradually increasing to 90% by the end of the first year. Auto Expenses. This includes fuel, washing, maintenance, registration, airport fees, insurance and other costs of goods sold. Limousine Company Pro Forma Income Statement Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2013 Revenue 12000 13000 14000 15000 16000 20000 18000 19000 19500 20000 21000 21600 209100 Auto Expenses 2662 2700 2800 2900 2950 3200 3000 3100 3150 3200 3250 3300 36212 Wages 9584 9584 9584 9584 9584 9584 9584 9584 9584 9584 9584 9584 115008 Advertising 161 161 161 161 161 161 161 161 161 161 161 161 1932 Depreciation 2500 2500 2500 2500 2500 2500 2500 2500 2500 2500 2500 2500 30000 Interest 3333 3333 3333 3333 3333 3333 3333 3333 3333 3333 3333 3333 39996 Miscellaneous 395 395 395 395 395 395 395 395 395 395 395 395 4740 Income -6635 -5673 -4773 -3873 -2923 827 -973 -73 377 827 1777 2327 -18788 The company would turn a profit in its second year: Pro Forma Income Statement Jan 2014 Revenue 259200 Auto Expenses 39600 Wages 115008 Advertising 1932 Depreciation 30000 Interest 39996Show MoreRelatedFinancial Portion Of A Business Plan For A Startup Business1162 Words   |  5 Pagesmary purpose of this project is to create the financial portion of a business plan for a startup business. 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But just because your startup needs money, doesn’t mean it’s ready to attract investment. Indeed, plenty of startups fail to raise funds. So, how do you determine your startup’s investment readiness and what does it mean? Here’s a look at this all-important subject. â€Å"Is the market big enough?† Investors areRead MoreBootstrap Essay1010 Words   |  5 PagesHow to Fund Your New Project or Your Startup Are you finally taking the plunge to work on your dream startup? Or perhaps taking forward the cherished project that you always wanted to work on? That is incredible. However, after getting your business plan, services, offerings, goals and ambitions in place, comes in the worry for the moolah. The big and important question. How do I fund my startup? In this age of booming new businesses and gutsy new entrepreneurs, securing funds in itself is aRead MoreBusiness Plan Essay1290 Words   |  6 Pagesdo instead to increase your chances of raising money So, if writing a business plan won’t increase your chances of attracting money, what will? How do you increase your chances of generating investor interest and launch a startup successfully? You could find part of the answer from the answer Sam Altman, the president at Y Combinator, gave at a EconTalk podcast when explaining the firm’s logic of not reading business plans. â€Å"We would rather spend the time working on their product, talking toRead MoreManagement Decision Regarding the Legal Form of Business Essay741 Words   |  3 Pagesmy invention. Consideration will be given to the main three legal forms of business in order to make a management decision on which would best suit the needs and limitations of the product and inventor. Limited funds and knowhow are just a sample of the challenges facing the new firm. After comparing the forms of business and all the negative and positive components and the management decision is made, a business plan will start to be developed. It is the belief that not only will the inventionRead MoreBusiness Writing : What Is A Waste Of Time?932 Words   |  4 PagesWriting 20 pages of meticulous plans about your startup is not going to make you money. You won’t get an investor to invest in your business because you had written a book about what you are planning to do. What gets you money? Actually putting your ideas to the test – showing results in real life not on paper. Starting a business is time-consuming and it’s hard. Don’t make it worse by spending a days in front of your computer creating a lengthy business plan. Essentially, do not waste timeRead MoreAngel Investors And The Venture Capitalists891 Words   |  4 Pagesgenerally used to fund the startup companies. Any entrepreneur who wishes to establish a startup might search for investors. And investors who are willing to fund are known as Angel Investors. And the amount availed through investments for startups are called Angel Investments. Also there is another kind of investment also called as capital investment. Depending upon the policies evolved at management level of a business these investors are categorized. Not only confined to financial return, some factorsRead MoreQuestions On Hidden Business Deductions Essay960 Words   |  4 PagesHidden Business Deductions Recommended Title Ideas for the eBook: The Curated Tax Strategy How to Curate and Sharpen Your Tax Strategy Proactive Tax Strategies to Save Money and Build Wealth Using Tax Deductions and Planning to Reach Your Financial Targets Find Those Hidden Business Deductions You can always deduct standard business expenses, but can you deduct hidden and unusual expenses to reduce your tax burden? Using your imagination and proactive planning provides a resounding answer to

Common Insect Phobias and How to Treat Them

Insect phobia, also called  entomophobia, is an excessive or irrational fear of insects. This fear stems from disgust or revulsion associated with the appearance, activity, or number of insects. Reactions to a feared insect may range from mild annoyance to extreme terror. Insect Phobias Many people living with a form of entomophobia  try to avoid outdoor gatherings or other situations where coming into contact with insects is a possibility. This disorder impacts various aspects of life, including work, school, and relationships. A person with an insect phobia is probably aware that he or she is behaving irrationally yet feels unable to control his or her reactions. Common Insect Phobias   Fear of ants: MyrmecophobiaFear of beetles: Skathariphobia  Fear of bees: ApiphobiaFear of centipedes: ScolopendrphobiaFear of cockroaches: KatsaridaphobiaFear of crickets: OrthopterophobiaFear of flies: MuscaphobiaFear of moths: MottephobiaFear of mosquitoes: AnopheliphobiaFear of wasps: Spheksophobia   Why Are People Afraid of Bugs? Joao Paulo Burini / Getty Images Many people have an aversion to insects for a number of valid reasons. For one, some bugs live and feed on the human body. Insects including mosquitoes, fleas, and ticks can transmit diseases to humans. As they feed, they may transfer parasitic protozoans, bacteria, or other pathogens that can cause life-threatening diseases such as Lyme disease, Q fever, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, malaria, and African sleeping sickness. The association of bugs with disease can cause a wariness of insects and a desire to avoid them. Insect appearance may be another reason that people fear bugs. Insect anatomy is starkly different from what is familiar—some bugs have many more appendages, eyes, or other body parts than humans. The movement of insects can also be very disturbing to some. To others, insects are unpleasant because they interfere with a persons sense of control due to their great quantities and unpredictability. They invade personal space and can make a person feel unsafe or unclean. People often experience a natural disdain for anything that feels threatening to their safety or well-being, and insects have this effect on many. It is only when the disdain becomes illogical fear that the condition is classified as a phobia. What Causes Insect Phobia? andersboman / Getty Images While there is not always a precise cause of insect phobia, people may develop an exaggerated fear of bugs from a specific negative experience. Should someone get stung by a bee or be bitten by a fire ant, for example, the painful encounters may affect their opinion of all bugs. Fear of insects may also be a learned response. Children who have witnessed a parent or loved one react with fear to an insect tend to respond similarly. There is also evidence to suggest that those who have suffered brain trauma or experience depression may be more susceptible to phobia development, insect or otherwise. A Phobias Effect on the Body DieterMeyrl / Getty Images A phobia is an anxiety disorder that causes a person to react irrationally to and avoid the thing they fear, regardless of whether the perceived danger is legitimate. Anxiety causes unwanted stress in impacted individuals. Stress is naturally a helpful reaction that prepares us to respond to situations that require focused attention, such as danger or exhilaration. When experiencing these things, the nervous system sends signals for the release of  adrenaline. This hormone prepares the body to either fight or flee, a response managed by an area of the brain called the amygdala. Adrenaline increases blood flow to the heart, lungs, and muscles, which in turn increases oxygen availability in these areas to prepare for upcoming physical activity. Adrenaline also heightens the senses to keep a person aware of his or her surroundings. Those with phobias experience a heightened state of apprehension, brought on by increased adrenaline, when faced with the object of their fear. Their intense stress almost always causes anxiety. Phobias impact both physical and psychological activity by causing an unwarranted response to the stimulus at hand. Insect Phobia Anxiety Individuals with  insect phobias experience varying degrees of anxiety. Some have mild reactions, while others may not be able to leave the house for fear of an insect encounter. A deep sense of gloom or feelings of being overwhelmed are also symptoms and could potentially manifest themselves as a panic attack. Symptoms of Insect-Related Anxiety Include: NauseaHeart palpitationsChest painHeadacheDizzinessProfuse sweatingDifficulty breathingNumbnessMuscle weaknessShortness of breath Insect Phobia Treatment karandaev / Getty Images Insect phobias are commonly treated with cognitive behavioral therapy and exposure therapy. This dual approach deals with the disgust, fear, and anxiety associated with and the behavioral responses to bugs until a person suffering from the phobia becomes more comfortable with experiences he or she fears, which in this case involve insects. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy To manage the emotional response to insects, therapists teach self-calming relaxation techniques and work to alter the patients perspective about the object of his or her fear—insects. They help the person to identify the causes of their feelings and retrain their thoughts, allowing them to think more rationally about bugs. They may accomplish this by studying insects, usually with illustrated books or magazines rather than those containing real photographs. Learning about the helpful roles that insects play in the environment can positively affect the way that insects are regarded by the person, which in turn alters their emotions and behaviors. Exposure Therapy To manage the behavioral response to insects, therapists often use exposure therapy. This practice involves gradual authentic exposure to an insect, beginning with thoughts and usually ending with regulated insect encounters. In one case study, a boy with insect phobia was exposed to increasing levels of contact with crickets. His treatment included: Holding a jar of crickets.Touching a cricket with his foot.Standing in a room with crickets for 60 seconds.Picking up a cricket with a gloved hand.Holding a cricket with a bare hand for 20 seconds.Allowing a cricket to crawl on his bare arm. Safely and slowly increasing contact with a  feared insect can help a person face his or her fears and reverse a learned defense response. It is important to reverse these because they are responses of the nervous system that protect the body from danger. When a person with insect phobia responds to insects in a way that he or she feels prevents them from being harmed, the behavior is reinforced in the brain. Desensitization is the method by which a person confronts the object of their fear little by little, and it shows them that the actual consequences of encountering bugs are not usually as dangerous or harmful as they believed. Over time, the brain will then begin to reinforce this more healthy behavioral response to bugs. A person whose sensitivities to insects have been greatly reduced usually comes to associate more positive responses with insect interaction. With proper treatment, people with insect phobias can diminish their fears or even overcome them entirely. Sources Cisler, Josh M., Bunmi O. Olatunji, and Jeffrey M. Lohr. â€Å"Disgust, Fear, and the Anxiety Disorders: A Critical Review.† Clinical psychology review 29.1 (2009): 34–46. PMC. Web. 25 Nov. 2017.Jones, K M, and P C Friman. â€Å"A Case Study of Behavioral Assessment and Treatment of Insect Phobia.† Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 32.1 (1999): 95–98. PMC. Web. 25 Nov. 2017Pachana, Nancy A, Rana M Woodward, and Gerard JA Byrne. â€Å"Treatment of Specific Phobia in Older Adults.† Clinical Interventions in Aging 2.3 (2007): 469–476. Print.

The Compare, Contrast About the Usa and Canada Free Essays

Full name: Hoang Hong Ngoc (Jade) The USA and Canada: The compare and contrast This essay will compare and contrast the similarities and differences between two North American countries, The USA and Canada. Both of them are young countries, their histories are linked. Therefore, culturally and historically they are closely related. We will write a custom essay sample on The Compare, Contrast About the Usa and Canada or any similar topic only for you Order Now Although they have many similarities, the two countries still have differences in population, languages and climate factors. Firstly, the USA and Canada have very different populations. The USA has a thriving 300 million whereas Canada has about 32 million (socyberty. com). The second largest country in the world is Canada but as far as its population is concerned, it just has the 33rd position (www. mapsofworld. com). However, the United States has the world’s third largest population. Canada and the USA have somewhat similar population distribution patterns. Both of them have population mostly concentrated in major urban centres. However, Canada has only 4 major cities: Ottawa, Toronto, Victoria and Montreal although the USA has over 10 major centres. This is why the population of the United States is more than Canada. Secondly, Canada has two main languages French and English, while the United States which only uses English. In the past both countries are similar where waves of immigration from other countries have created their subculture. Therefore, they have many different languages such as Chinese, German, Russian,†¦ However, English is the most spoken languages of Canada except some province. Furthermore, the USA and Canada support to each other about economy. As geographic neighbor, the USA is the most trading partner with Canada because 70 percent of Canada’s products export to the USA and also Canada is the largest export customer of the United States. Almost the trade in goods between them is source of natural resources, because many of Canada’s important industries are based on them. In addition, investment and technology have benefited by Canadians while the USA of markets. Anyway, one part of Canada’s economy depends on the USA. Finally, the climate also has the similarities. The climate varies between different areas, regions. The weather changes from one year to another. For example, the whole of the south of the USA is normally hot from late May to middle September, with the southwest usually being very hot and dry, and the southeast also hot and humid. If planning when to come the USA or Canada you also need to consider how the air change, depending on the time of year, and how the cost and accommodation. In conclusion, it can be seen that the population, languages, economy and climate of the USA and Canada have some similarities as well as differences. In general, the similarities are in languages whereas the differences are in population. However, they still support each other and develop together. REFERENCES Eighth Edition (2013) National Geographic Atlas of the World. http://travel. nationalgeographic. com/travel/countries/canada-facts/ [2013, 03 March] Unknown author (2013) U. S. PopClock Projection http://www. census. gov/population/www/popclockus. html [2013, 03 March] Unknown author (2013) Economy and Finance http://london. usembassy. gov/econ. html [2013, 03 March] How to cite The Compare, Contrast About the Usa and Canada, Papers

Public Relations for Stakeholder Approach and Globalization

Question: Discuss about thePublic Relations for Stakeholder Approach and Globalization. Answer: Introduction In this reflective summary I would be discussing about the topics that I have learnt about through week 1 to week 7. I would be mainly focusing on stakeholder approach, globalization and its impact on entrepreneurship. I would also be discussing about the challenges, problems and issues that I have faced while attending these lessons and understanding the concepts that have been covered in these weeks. Examination of my experience, actions, and emotions and comparing them with the concepts learned from the literature would be carried out. The reason of me choosing this topic is because I wish to be able to use this learning and apply them to real projects in future. Discussion A generic and broad definition of stakeholders is any individual or group who have the capacity of effecting or gets affected themselves by any accomplishment of any organizations purpose (Andriof et al. 2017). Another definition of stakeholder is someone or an organization that is actively involved any project or whose awareness might be affected as an outcome of project execution or project completion (Weiss 2014). Based on the literature that I have covered in these weeks, I would be attempting to resonate them with what I have understood from the lessons. I have completely understood that stakeholders are extremely important to any organization or project. It is important that the needs and requirements of any stakeholder are considered to ensure success. For any business or project, their clients and end users are significantly more vital than any other stakeholder (Crane and Matten 2016). I have understood from my lessons that in any stakeholder management process, a consultative approach is always recommendable in place of a unilateral decision, which does not take into account the opposing viewpoints and opinions of other stakeholders. In such scenarios, the best approach would be using the stakeholder management salience model that would be helpful in analyzing the stakeholders and identifying the main and most important stakeholder, while at the same time correctly identifying the salie nce of the actual stakeholders (Bundy, Shropshire and Buchholtz 2013). Today, the organizations are going through dramatic changes as stakeholder groups are putting an ever-increasing influence on the responsibilities and place of organizations in the society. Some important drivers that are included in this process are organizational learning, ethics, the concept of sustainable development, the search for total quality management, and the environmental movement (Tantalo and Priem 2016). As the different stakeholders have the capability of viewing these complicated problems in a quite different manner from the organization, it is extremely vital that those people who are working with communications have the capability of understanding the underlying intricacies of stakeholder associations. My lessons and literature on a varied number of fields have provided with a comprehension of the elements that are involved in the development of an effective communication strategy. Stakeholder theory acts as an important contributor in something it provides as a mea n of discovery of the pertinent participants in the process (Hrisch, Freeman and Schaltegger 2014). The readings contend that the coordination model, as a part of this process, have the capacity of providing a unifying framework for the identification of the nature of the associations between the stakeholders or the actors in the communication process. I have processed form the lessons that for any kind of communication process to come out effective it is necessary that these models get oriented in a proper manner. The literature is built on the already existing research from different organizational learning field for gaining a deeper understanding of the processes that have an influence over the perceptions of different stakeholder groups. From the discussion I have cleared out my doubts regarding the exact communication skills that have been identified as enablers of the engagement of stakeholders in a meaningful dialogue and their consequent enhancement of the effectiveness of t he communication efforts of the organization. These major communication skills are inquiry, reflection and advocacy. Much emphasis has been provided to integrated marketing communication (IMC), but very little has been done to critically analysethe existent standpoints, the evolution of the concept and their application. IMC is getting hugely challenged from the perspective of the rising paradigm of strategic communication.This is carried out through a joint definite, theoretic and integrated communicative viewpoint.There is a need of approaching IMC thinking from a tactical and corporate brand standpoint that would be assisting in engendering intensely altering prospectsand demands across different organizations to get a lucid comprehension of IMC practice and theory.Most marketers consider IMC to be something important and to be practiced. In reality is hardly successfully implemented. The key of building major brands are initially finding the appropriate positioning and then successfully creating a durable, optimistic brand attitude. IMC is vital on making sure that every aspect of a brands mark eting communication delivers a constant message toward that end (Argenti 2005). Because of the advanced and swifter development of communication, todays world is shrinking. The advent of satellite has altered the whole outlook of mankind. It has been able to bring mean much nearer to one another, even countries (Marks 2016). Today none of the countries can call themselves as being like an isolated island as what is happening in any country is important for even the remotest places on the globe because of modern communication. The earth is shrinking and the world is becoming a global village as the people of the earth are coming closer to one another, in terms of both time and space (Scherer and Palazzo 2008). Despite the various cultural, religious and economic differences among different countries everybody is today known to each other like it is a village. The concept of global village was first suggested by Marshall McLuhan. Events that are happening in one part of the world can be faced in other parts, that too in real time, which is similar to the concept o f a villagers experience when they were living in a small village (Wasson, Butler and Copeland-Carson 2016). For understanding global civil society different theoretical perspectives can be used. It can be understood by some as being an actor providing a bottom-up contribution to theeffectivity and legitimacy of the whole international system. It is in essence democracy in action as power gets hold up accountable by the populace. Many interpret it as a tool for using by the most powerful states for advancing their eventual interests abroad, most of the time popularizing and promoting ideas that seem key to the national interest. Marxist are known to be viewing global civil societyas a form of political vanguards that can distribute a diverse world view that tests the dominant order. Moreover, some are even of the opinion that the idea of global civil societyas a whole which is different from the state, family and market remains truly a Western concept that is not applicable easily for the societies where the boundaries among these spheres are fuzzier (Kaldor 2013). One huge misconception and unawareness I had was about how to proceed with composing a reflection in case of such topics. I understood that reflection is a completely focused skill, whose main objective is making the practitioner more and more aware of their own reasoning and thinking procedure. Putting a halt or slowing down on the thought processes and making sure to avoid any kind of rapid climbing up the ladder of inferring helps in accomplishing this. The initial stage that I covered in distinguishing between the real data and what abstractions are based on that. Most of the activities of stakeholders and their approaches are based on assumptions, which makes it important for formally identifying these and then testing them in the light of the present situation. For example, this can be carried out by explicit identification of the data behind any specific statement, all the while seeking agreements on what is and what is not the actual and relevant data, also providing clarific ation on lines of reasoning and giving confirmation of the interpretations of other peoples statements. Conclusion Based on the magnitude of the issues that are now faced by majority of the organization, the casual takes on the combination of communication and strategies is serious shortcoming that I understood from my analysis and the lessons learned. Communication is an acclaimed significant element in the overall strategy process of any organization. In spite of the purported importance it has, very less could I comprehend about the ways of integrating communications with the strategy development and implementation work. Irrespective of the importance given to communication, it has been found from my readings that its majority of the times gets relegated to a secondary function in different organizations and gets performed by the people who have no idea or skills or training that would help them in accessing any strategic decision-making. In this paper I have attempted to put across all the ideas and challenges I have faced during the weekly lessons, attempting at finding solutions to my issue s and coming out as a better manager of stakeholder management situations. References and bibliography Andriof, J., Waddock, S., Husted, B. and Rahman, S.S., 2017.Unfolding stakeholder thinking: theory, responsibility and engagement. Routledge. Link: https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=Pqo0DwAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PT7dq=Andriof,+J.,+Waddock,+S.,+Husted,+B.+and+Rahman,+S.S.,+2017.+Unfolding+stakeholder+thinking:+theory,+responsibility+and+engagement.+Routledge.ots=ixsMfv6-ESsig=ph2vzGDWxsIpkqIfPEdvzFEQ8e0#v=onepageqf=false Argenti, P. 2005.The Power of Integration: Building a Corporate Communication Function That Is Greater Than the Sum of Its Parts. NIRIs Center for Strategic Communication. Bundy, J., Shropshire, C. and Buchholtz, A.K., 2013. Strategic cognition and issue salience: Toward an explanation of firm responsiveness to stakeholder concerns.Academy of Management Review,38(3), pp.352-376. Link: https://media.terry.uga.edu/socrates/publications/2013/06/Bundy_Shropshire_Buchholtz_2013.pdf Crane, A. and Matten, D., 2016.Business ethics: Managing corporate citizenship and sustainability in the age of globalization. Oxford University Press. Link: https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=J8-SDAAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PP1dq=Crane,+A.+and+Matten,+D.,+2016.+Business+ethics:+Managing+corporate+citizenship+and+sustainability+in+the+age+of+globalization.+Oxford+University+Pressots=5rSi-uLmlesig=P8a1MZqypEN0ffgHfcLVToKE3Rw#v=onepageqf=false Freeman, E. and Moutchnik, A., 2013. Stakeholder management and CSR: questions and answers.uwf UmweltWirtschaftsForum,21(1-2), pp.5-9. Link: https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/32695143/stakerholder_management_and_csr_-_question_and_answer.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3AExpires=1511082968Signature=5lJLfvRDyq9FbNvjUgme16v4IfY%3Dresponse-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DStakerholder_management_and_csr_-_questi.pdf Harrison, J.S., Freeman, R.E. and de Abreu, M.C.S., 2015. Stakeholder theory as an ethical approach to effective management: Applying the theory to multiple contexts.Revista Brasileira de Gesto de Negcios,17(55), p.858. Link: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Monica_Abreu4/publication/283194075_Stakeholder_Theory_As_an_Ethical_Approach_to_Effective_Management_applying_the_theory_to_multiple_contexts/links/565b1fa608ae4988a7ba701b.pdf Hrisch, J., Freeman, R.E. and Schaltegger, S., 2014. Applying stakeholder theory in sustainability management: Links, similarities, dissimilarities, and a conceptual framework.Organization Environment,27(4), pp.328-346. Link: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Stefan_Schaltegger/publication/264382617_Horisch_J_Freeman_E_Schaltegger_S_2014_Applying_stakeholder_theory_in_sustainability_management_Links_similarities_dissimilarities_and_conceptual_framework_Organization_Environment_DOI_101177108602661/links/56c8cdd908ae96cdd06bb921/Hoerisch-J-Freeman-E-Schaltegger-S-2014-Applying-stakeholder-theory-in-sustainability-management-Links-similarities-dissimilarities-and-conceptual-framework-Organization-Environment-DOI-10.pdf Kaldor, M., 2013.Global civil society: An answer to war. John Wiley Sons. Link: https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=SRcoAAAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PT4dq=Kaldor,+M.,+2013.+Global+civil+society:+An+answer+to+war.+John+Wiley+%26+Sons.ots=NZBrXOJuqAsig=rUyuvjy0cXOnLRq80gixLX_vjLE#v=onepageqf=false Marks, A. 2016.Thought Leadership Content | The CCO as Builder of Digital Engagement Systems | Arthur W. Page Society. [online] Awpagesociety.com. Available at: https://awpagesociety.com/thought-leadership/the-cco-as-builder-of-digital-engagement-systems [Accessed 18 Nov. 2017]. Scherer, A.G. and Palazzo, G., 2008. Globalization and corporate social responsibility. Link: https://poseidon01.ssrn.com/delivery.php?ID=757114096124126124091084005011089023030092050084043069014031075120089118098112064110018011103047026000040102117124083004126125045037034011050086081086066096090075089043020083070114073006003106030113081069116029068010106116123030073086093013127124001EXT=pdf Tantalo, C. and Priem, R.L., 2016. Value creation through stakeholder synergy.Strategic Management Journal,37(2), pp.314-329. Link: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/smj.2337/full Wasson, C., Butler, M.O. and Copeland-Carson, J. eds., 2016.Applying anthropology in the global village. Routledge. Link: https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=Id1mDAAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PP1dq=Wasson,+C.,+Butler,+M.O.+and+Copeland-Carson,+J.+eds.,+2016.+Applying+anthropology+in+the+global+village.+Routledge.ots=M8KUAMRnCtsig=0PCeoxYMBUMFWW9G_QvEdn3fKC8#v=onepageqf=false Weiss, J.W., 2014.Business ethics: A stakeholder and issues management approach. Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Link: https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=gMUlAgAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PT19dq=Weiss,+J.W.,+2014.+Business+ethics:+A+stakeholder+and+issues+management+approach.+Berrett-Koehler+Publishers.ots=Ws5_dl26hVsig=kYmMJexjiuXAKFRYmLVv1XMutVA#v=onepageqf=false

Feminine Mystique Essays (726 words) - Gender Studies,

Feminine Mystique The Postwar effects on Women The feminine mystique that American culture promotes is entirely dependent upon its ideas, beliefs, and needs of the time. American culture has always tended to influence women into doing what the day and age required. After men went to war there was a gap in the work force that needed to be filled. During World War II women were the most available to join the work force. Due to the discouragement to raise families during the Great Depression and the fact that most men of age had entered the war, many women were left without families to look after and men to take to take care of them. Most women toiled at unskilled jobs; most were young, single, and without children (307). This lack of family and funds left women with no other place to go besides the factories. Womens need for work was nursed along by the media as well as the public. A rapidly expanding war economy absorbed most of the reserve labor force, (307) yet it still was not enough, the economy demanded a larger work force. This demand worked in cooperation with the availability of the women of the time. Commando Mary and Rosie the Riveter became symbols of women who heeded their countrys call (307). There were many enticements luring women to join the work force. These enticements included higher war wages, more available time and opportunity to work, and wartime restrictions on leisure activities. Despite the general expectation that women would return to their home after the war, female laborers did not simply drop their wrenches and pick up frying pans (310). After the war many women continued to work outside the home primarily to help support their families. After the war 28% of the labor force was female compared to the 24% prior to the war. When the war was over nearly one million women were laid off and another 2.25 million voluntarily left. These female losses in the work force were offset by the gain of 2.75 million women into the work force. When women who had been laid off managed to return to work, they often lost their seniority and had to accept reduced pay in lower job categories (310). Due to the severe segregation by gender, the postwar economic life for women was appalling. Postwar American life became organized around marriage and family. As men came back from the war they merged with the peacetime economy, taking jobs away from women and sending them back to the home. With the demise of Mary and Rosie came new role models whose ideas and beliefs were focused around the home and not the workplace. This was due to the fact that during the war many writers were female and supported involvement in the labor force and after the war many of these womens jobs were taken by men with the desire of a cozy domestic life (312). Almost overnight, television became the preeminent mass medium, carrying imaging--feminine or otherwiseof American culture into the home (313). Television shows displayed the personification of what a husband thought a wife should be. An example of this was the show Ozzie and Harriet which showed a warm-hearted, attractive, submissive woman who was only competent within the confines of her own home. Children who grew up seeing this behavior in their own home as well as on television tended to use that lifestyle as a model. Without any external reinforcement, and only by repetition the children learned that men and women had different roles in society. It was this learned behavior which carried the new feminine mystique from generation to generation. As many have said before history repeats itself with WWII as well as WWI, the return of peace meant that women faced layoffs, renewed wage discrimination, and segregation into female-only jobs (307). The media of the 50s and 60s continued to portray women as housewives and mothers. The media has always influenced peoples ideas and values, whether it was a wartime poster of Rosie or a magazine article depicting sweet, submissive housewives, or a TV show with June Cleaver taking care of the boys and her home. History Essays

The Eight Types of Alternative Fuel

The Eight Types of Alternative Fuel Free Online Research Papers There are different kinds of alternative fuels in the world at present. There are eight different types of alternative fuels which are Ethanol, Natural Gas, Propane, Hydrogen, Bio-Diesel, Electricity, Methanol and P-series. All these alternative fuels have different properties, different source used, and different vehicles used and different impact on the environment and on the world. But one point to be noted is that even though they have different impact on environment, alternative fuels in vehicles can generally reduce harmful pollutants and exhaust emissions. Another interesting fact I found about these fuels in particular is that they can rather be domestically produced and can be derived from renewable resource but the fossil fuels which are being used today such as petroleum and diesel cannot be derived from renewable source. Once these fossil fuels will be extinct alternative fuels are the one which will come to use. I personally think that if even a small majority of the people in the world start using alternative fuels then the pollution and disease will decline and the pressure on fossil fuels, of course, will decrease. The advantages to use alternative fuels are massive. The impact of alternative fuels can have on earth, on people, on so many things is just great. Using alternative fuels can change a lot of things on earth a pollution free place. Here are some possible alternative means of propulsion for road vehicles. 1. Biodiesel 2. Electricity 3. Ethanol 4. Hydrogen 5. Natural Gas 6. Propane BIODIESEL Biodiesel is a fuel made by chemically reacting alcohol with vegetable oils, fats or greases, such as recycled restaurant greases. It is most often used in blends of two percent or 20 percent (B20) Biodiesel. It can also be used as neat Biodiesel (B100). Biodiesel fuels are compatible with and can be used in unmodified diesel engines with the existing fuelling infrastructure. It is the fastest growing alternative transportation fuel in the U.S. Biodiesel contains virtually no sulphur, so it can reduce sulphur levels in the nation’s diesel fuel supply. Removing sulphur from petroleum based fuel results in poor lubrication. Biodiesel is a superior lubricant and can restore the lubricity of diesel fuel in blends of only one or two percent. Biodiesel can also improve the smell of diesel fuel, sometimes smelling like French fries. B100 and Biodiesel blends are sensitive to cold weather and may require special anti-freeze, as petroleum-based diesel fuel does. Biodiesel acts like a detergent additive, loosening and dissolving sediments in storage tanks. Because Biodiesel is a solvent, B100 may cause rubber and other components to fail in vehicles manufactured before 1994. Using B20 minimizes these problems. Environmental Impacts: Biodiesel is renewable, safe, and biodegradable, and reduces serious air pollutants such as particulates, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and air toxics. Emissions of nitrogen oxides, however, increase slightly with the concentration of Biodiesel in the blend. Biodiesel’s fuel characteristics exceed those of petroleum-based diesel in cetane number, resulting in superior ignition. Therefore, Biodiesel has a higher flash point, making it more versatile where safety is concerned. Horsepower, torque, and fuel economy are comparable to diesel. Benefits of Biodiesel Use: Biodiesel Displaces Imported Petroleum. Biodiesel Reduces Emissions. Biodiesel Improves Lubricity. Biodiesel is Easy to Use. Average emission impacts of Biodiesel fuels in CI engines Drawbacks of Biodiesel Use: Biodiesel contains 8% less energy per gallon than typical No. 2 diesel in the United States; 12.5% less energy per pound. The difference between these two measurements is caused by the fact that Biodiesel is slightly denser than diesel fuel, so there are slightly more pounds in a gallon of fuel. All Biodiesel, regardless of its feedstock, provides about the same amount of energy. Safety, Health and Environmental Issues: Biodiesel contains no hazardous materials and is generally regarded as safe to use. Like any fuel, certain fire safety precautions must be taken. Appendix III contains a Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) with details on concerns in these areas. A number of studies have found that Biodiesel biodegrades much more rapidly than conventional diesel. Users in environmentally sensitive areas such as wetlands, marine environments, and national parks have taken advantage of this property. ELECTRICITY In 1891, William Morrison of Des Moines, Iowa, developed the first electric car. By the turn of the century, dedicated electric vehicles (EVs) outnumbered their gasoline-powered counterparts by two-to-one. Today there are about 10,500 dedicated EVs in use in the United States, mostly in the West and South. Researchers are still working on the same problem that plagued those early dedicated EVsan efficient battery. Battery Limitations: Dedicated electric vehicles must have batteries that can be discharged and recharged repeatedly. Since most batteries can’t store large amounts of energy, a dedicated electric vehicle must carry as many batteries as possible. In some dedicated EVs, the batteries constitute almost half the weight of the car. The typical dedicated EV battery pack must be replaced every 20,000 to 30,000 miles, a big expense in itself. Tax incentives can offset some of these costs. The batteries limit the range of a dedicated EV, which is determined by the amount of energy stored in its battery pack. The more batteries a dedicated EV can carry, the more range it can attain, to a point. Too many batteries can weigh down a vehicle, reducing its load-carrying capacity and range, and causing it to use more energy. The typical dedicated EV can only travel 50 to 130 miles between charges. This driving range assumes perfect driving conditions and vehicle maintenance. Weather conditions, terrain, and some accessory use can significantly reduce the range. Dedicated EVs, therefore, have found a niche market as neighborhood or low speed vehicles for consumers going short distances at speeds of 30 mph or less. The batteries used in EVs today include lead-acid, NiCad, NiMH, nickel iron, and nickel zinc. Extensive research is being conducted on advanced batteries that will increase electric vehicle range. Some of these batteries are scaled-up versions of the batteries used in portable computers. Such advanced batteries could double the current range of electric vehicles, and hold promise for being longer lived. Environmental Impacts: Dedicated electric vehicles produce no tailpipe emissions, but producing the electricity to charge them can. EVs are really coal, nuclear, hydropower, oil, and natural gas cars, because these fuels produce most of the electricity in the U.S. Coal alone generates more than half of our electricity. When fossil fuels are burned, pollutants are produced like those emitted from the tailpipe of a gasoline-powered automobile. Power plant emissions, however, are easier to control than tailpipe emissions. Emissions from power plants are strictly regulated, controlled with sophisticated technology, and monitored continuously. In addition, power plants are usually located outside major centers of urban air pollution. Maintenance: The low maintenance of dedicated electric vehicles is appealing to many consumers. Dedicated EVs acquire no tune-ups, oil changes, water pumps, radiators, injectors, or tailpipes. And no more trips to the service station. Dedicated EVs can be refueled at home at night, when electric rates are low, making the fuel cost comparable to or lower than gasoline. There are also more than 600 refueling stations, mostly in California and Arkansas. HYBRIDS HEVS HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLES: Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) may be the best alternative vehicle for the near future, especially for the individual consumer. HEVs offer many of the energy and environmental advantages of the dedicated electric vehicle without the drawbacks. Hybrids are powered by two energy sources an energy conversion unit (such as a combustion engine or fuel cell) and an energy storage device (such as battery, flywheel, or ultra capacitor). The energy conversion unit can be powered by gasoline, methanol, compressed natural gas, hydrogen, or other alternative fuels. HEVs have the potential to be two to three times more fuel-efficient than conventional vehicles. HEVs can have either a parallel or series design. In a parallel design, the energy conversion unit and electric propulsion system are connected directly to the vehicles wheels. The primary engine is used for highway driving; the electric motor provides added power during hill climbs, acceleration, and other periods of high demand. In a se ries design, the primary engine is connected to a generator that produces electricity. The electricity charges the batteries and drives an electric motor that powers the wheels. Hybrid power systems were designed as a way to compensate for the limitations of dedicated EVs. Because batteries can only supply power for short trips, a generator powered by an internal combustion engine was added to increase range. A HEV can function as a purely electric vehicle for short trips, only using the internal combustion engine when longer range is required. HEVs on the market today combine an internal combustion engine with a battery and electric motor, resulting in vehicles with twice the fuel economy of conventional vehicles. Depending on driving conditions, one or both are used to maximize fuel efficiency and minimize emissions, without sacrificing performance. An HEV battery doesn’t have to be recharged. It has a generator powered by the internal combustion engine to recharge the batt eries whenever they are low. A regenerative braking system captures excess energy when the brakes are engaged. The recovered energy is also used to recharge the batteries. Environmental Impacts: The HEV provides extended range and rapid refueling, as well as significant environmental benefits, reducing pollutants by one-third to one half. Their range and fuel economy will make them attractive to consumers as more models become available to meet their needs. ETHANOL History of Ethanol: Ethanol is not a new product. It was widely used before the Civil War. In 1908, Henry Ford designed his Model T to run on a mixture of gasoline and alcohol, calling it the fuel of the future. In 1919, the ethanol industry received a blow when Prohibition began. Since ethanol was considered liquor, it could only be sold when it was denatured rendered poisonous by the addition of petroleum components. With the end of Prohibition in 1933, interest in the use of ethanol increased. Ethanol as a Fuel: In the 1970s, the oil embargoes revived interest in ethanol as an alternative fuel. Today, more than fifty ethanol plants, mostly in the Midwest, produce over a billion gallons of ethanol. Gasoline containing ten percent ethanolE10is widely used in urban areas that fail to meet standards for carbon monoxide and ozone. Since ethanol contains oxygen, using it as a fuel additive results in up to 25 percent fewer carbon monoxide emissions than conventional gasoline. E10 is not considered an alternative fuel under EPACT, but a replacement fuel. There are about three million vehicles on the road today using ethanol blends. Vehicles are not converted to run on E85, they are manufactured. Flexible fuel vehicles (FFV) are designed to use any combination of ethanol and gasoline up to 85 percent ethanol. E85, a fuel that is 85 percent ethanol and 15 percent gasoline is used mainly in the Midwest and South. There are about 150,000 light-duty vehicles using this fuel, serviced by ethanol fueling stations. Nearly half of these are private vehicles; the rest are federal, state and local government fleet vehicles. The cost of E85 is equivalent to mid-grade gasoline. The fueling process for E85 is the same as for gasoline, however, vehicle range is about 15 percent less. With an octane rating of 100, power acceleration, payload capacity, and cruise speed are comparable to gasoline. Maintenance is also similar. Ethanol is made from domestic, renewable feed stocks. It can reduce U.S. dependence on foreign oil. Using ethanol can also reduce carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide emissions. Ethanol is made from crops that absorb carbon dioxide and give off oxygen. This carbon cycle maintains the balance of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere when using ethanol as a fuel. As new technologies for producing ethanol from all parts of plants and trees become economical, the production and use of ethanol should increase dramatically. Natural Gas (CNG/LNG) The natural gas we use for heating, cooking, clothes drying, and water heating can also be a clean burning transportation fuel when compressed or liquefied. Natural gas vehicles burn so cleanly that they are used to carry TV cameras and reporters ahead of the runners in marathons. Natural gas is a nonrenewable fossil fuel with plentiful supplies in the United States. Its chemical formula is CH4. CNG- COMPRESSED NATURAL GAS Natural gas is usually placed in pressurized tanks when used as a transportation fuel. Even compressed to 2,400-3,600 pounds per square inch (psi), it still has only about one-third as much energy per gallon as gasoline. As a result, natural gas vehicles typically have a shorter range, unless additional fuel tanks are added, which can reduce payload capacity. With an octane rating of 120+, power, acceleration and cruise speed are comparable. Today, there are about 144,000 CNG vehicles in operation in the U.S., mostly in the South and West. About half are privately owned and half are vehicles owned by local, state, and Federal government agencies. Vehicles manufactured to run on CNG are available from several manufacturers. A gasoline engine can also be converted to run on CNG at a cost of $2,000-3,000, depending on the number of fuel tanks installed. The lower price of natural gas and tax incentives can help offset the cost of conversion. Some people are concerned about the safety of using CNG as a fuel. CNG tanks are designed for high pressures; they are many times stronger than normal gasoline tanks. It is much less likely that CNG fuel tanks will be damaged in vehicle crashes than the typical gasoline tank. Additionally, if a fuel line is accidentally severed, the natural gas that is released rises and disperses, unlike gasoline, which forms puddles. Natural gas also ignites at a much higher temperature than gasoline (1,200o Fahrenheit compared to 800o Fahrenheit), making accidental combustion of natural gas less likely. The production and distribution system for natural gas is in place, but the delivery system of stations is not extensive. Today, there are about 1,250 natural gas refueling stations in the United States, considerably less than the multitude of gasoline stations. CNG refueling stations are not always at typical gasoline stations, may not be conveniently located, and some have limited operating hours . Natural gas vehicles are well suited to business and public agencies that have their own refueling stations. Many fleets report two to three years longer service life, because the fuel is so clean-burning. Environmental Impacts: Compressed natural gas (CNG) vehicles emit 85-90 percent less carbon monoxide, 10-20 percent less carbon dioxide, and 90 percent fewer reactive non-methane hydrocarbons than gasoline-powered vehicles. (Reactive hydrocarbon emissions produce ozone, one of the components of smog that causes respiratory problems.) These favorable emission characteristics result because natural gas is 25% hydrogen by weight; the only combustion production of hydrogen is water vapor. LNG- LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS: There are also about 3,100 vehicles in the U.S. that run on LNG that is liquefied by cooling to 259OF. Most LNG vehicles are government-owned; there are less than 100 LNG-fueling stations at this time. The advantage of LNG is that natural gas takes up much less space as a liquid than as a gas, so the tanks can be much smaller. The disadvantage is that the fuel tanks must be kept cold, which uses fuel. PROPANE Propane is an energy-rich fossil fuel often called liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). It is colorless and odorless; an odorant called mercaptan is added to serve as a warning agent. Propane is a by-product of petroleum refining and natural gas processing. And, like all fossil fuels, it is nonrenewable. The chemical formula for propane is C3H8. Under normal atmospheric pressure and temperature, propane is a gas. Under moderate pressure and/or low temperature, however, propane can easily be changed into a liquid and stored in pressurized tanks. Propane is 270 times more compact in its liquid state than it is as a gas, making it a portable fuel. HOMES AND BUSINESS: Homes and businesses use about one-third of the propane consumed in the U.S. Propane is used mostly in rural areas that do not have natural gas service, as well as in manufactured (mobile) homes. Homes that use propane as a main energy source have a large propane tank either above or below ground that holds between 5001,000 gallons of liquid fuel. Dealers deliver propane to the residences in trucks, filling the tanks several times a year. Propane is used in homes for air conditioning, heating water, cooking and refrigerating foods, drying clothes, lighting, and fueling fireplaces. Millions of backyard cooks use gas grills for cooking. And recreational vehicles (RVs) usually have propane-fueled appliances. More than a million businesses such as hotels, schools, and restaurants use propane for heating and cooling, cooking and refrigerating food, heating water, and lighting. Environmental Impacts: Propane-fueled engines produce less air pollution than gasoline engines. Carbon monoxide emissions from engines using propane are 50 to 92 percent lower than emissions from gasoline-fueled engines. Hydrocarbon emissions are 30 to 62 percent lower. Why is propane not more widely used as a transportation fuel? The infrastructure for distributing propane is in place across the country, but it is not as conveniently available as gasoline. In 2004, there were about 3,500 LPG vehicle-fueling stations in the U.S., which cost about the same to build as gasoline stations. Second, a conventional automobile engine has to be converted to use propane fuel, at a cost of approximately $2,500. Out of all the alternative fuels available today, the alternative fuel which I consider to be the system for the most potential is â€Å"THE HYDROGEN FUEL CELLS†. Given below is the clear description of the hydrogen fuel cell which supports my statement. HYDROGEN FUEL CELLS In the future, hydrogen may provide a significant contribution to the alternative fuel mix. The space shuttles use hydrogen for fuel. Fuel cells use hydrogen and oxygen to produce electricity without harmful emissions; water is the main by-product. Hydrogen is a gas at normal temperatures and pressures, which presents greater transportation and storage hurdles than liquid fuels. No distribution system currently exists. Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe, but it doesn’t exist on Earth as a gas; it is produced by two methods electrolysis and synthesis gas production from steam reforming or partial oxidation. Electrolysis uses electricity to split water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen. The Department of Energy does not expect electrolysis to be the predominant method of producing large quantities of hydrogen fuel. Today, the predominant method of producing hydrogen is steam reforming of natural gas, although biomass and coal can also be used as feed stocks. High production costs have limited hydrogen as a fuel to date except in research vehicles, but research is progressing on more efficient ways to produce and use it. The largest drawback to widespread vehicle use will be storage the lower energy content of hydrogen requires fuel tanks six times larger than gasoline tanks. Its environmental benefits, however, mean that in 20 years, hydrogen fuel cell vehicles may be a common sight on the roadways of America. The Bush administration has launched a hydrogen fuel cell initiative to further research and development of this promising technology. Fuel Cells Offer Significant Improvements in Energy Efficiency and Emissions: Fuel cells represent a radically different approach to energy conversion, one that could replace conventional power generators like engines, turbines, and batteries in applications such as automobiles, power plants, and consumer electronics. Fuel cells, like batteries, directly convert chemical energy into electric power. But unlike batteries, fuel cells do not need recharging; instead they use fuel to produce power as long as the fuel is supplied. Fuel cells operate quietly and are relatively modular. Largely because of these characteristics, hydrogen-powered fuel cells promise: 1. For vehicles, over 50% reduction in fuel consumption compared to a conventional vehicle with a gasoline internal combustion engine. 2. Increased reliability of the electric power transmission grid by reducing system loads and bottlenecks. 3. Increased co-generation of energy in combined heat and power applications for buildings 4. Zero to near-zero levels of harmful emissions from vehicles and power plants 5. High energy density in a compact package for portable power applications STATUS OF HYDROGEN TODAY: Although hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe, it does not naturally exist in its elemental form on Earth. Pure hydrogen must be produced from other hydrogen-containing compounds such as fossil fuels, biomass, or water. Each method of production requires a source of energy, i.e., thermal (heat), electrolytic (electricity), or photolytic (light) energy. Hydrogen is either consumed on site or distributed to end users via pipelines, trucks, or other means. Hydrogen can be stored as a liquid, gas, or chemical compound and is converted into usable energy through fuel cells or by combustion in turbines and engines. Fuel cells now in development will not only provide a new way to produce power, but will also significantly improve energy conversion efficiency, especially in transportation applications. LPG omitted because it scales the graph so trends of the other fuels are obscured. icecoolamigo@gmail.com Research Papers on The Eight Types of Alternative FuelAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfOpen Architechture a white paperGenetic EngineeringPETSTEL analysis of IndiaRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andThe Spring and AutumnRiordan Manufacturing Production PlanInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married Males

Personal Finance- Heath insurance Research Paper

Personal Finance- Heath insurance - Research Paper Example It works together with SEHA, the national insurance scheme to ensure proper health services. The insurance being able to cover any hospital is essential in providing the citizens are satisfied with the services they get from hospitals all over the country. The scheme provides a mandatory health insurance for the people. It is key to ensuring the realization of Qatar’s vision 2030 when it comes to providing proper health care for its people (Pallot, 2014). SEHA came into existence when Qatar formulated goals that would ensure good health care for its people and reduce the number of deaths caused by inadequate health care. The health care strategy seems to be working well for the people since its inception in the state of Qatar. The network associated with SEHA includes both private and public health care providers. The people who are eligible to register with the insurance get a list of hospitals and health care providers they can work with for the better health (Seha, 2015). The strategy of working with SEHA has provided excellent efficiency and transparency in the national health care sector. The first stage of the scheme had its implementation in July of 2013. The best feature of the first stage is that it covered the health care of women who are 12 years and above to gynecology, maternal, prenatal and postnatal clinic for their children. Other health problems related to women also receive cover in the first stage implementation of the strategy. The second phase of the study, inaugurated in April 2014 provides comprehensive insurance cover for all the Qatari citizens for all the fundamental health problems (Seha, 2015). Qatar is now at the forefront of the global initiative that calls for a comprehensive health coverage for all the people. The World Health Organization is at the forefront in ensuring all the countries around the world provide national health insurance cover. The insurance cover for the people of Qatar through SEHA has

Discern the legal realtionships between landlords and tenants Essay

Discern the legal realtionships between landlords and tenants - Essay Example States normally ask for notices when a tenant decides to evict, vacate, repair or lease violations/charges (Maillard, 2008). The aim of these requirements is to form written records of fees, requests and events associated with the property that might cater as evidence in a court of law. When a tenant or the person, who has rented the house, dies any funds owed between the landlord and the tenant has to be determined by the tenants estate. Estate matters are settled through probate. This refers to the legal or lawful procedure through which a dead persons property is settled, as well as transferred, to new owners (Maillard, 2008). The Landlord and Tenant probate laws differ in different states. Therefore, when such a case arises, it is essential to talk to a lawyer in your state when you need legal advice regarding rents when a tenant dies (Maillard, 2008). In this matter of Ann, Ted should refund Ann’s security to her designated representative. Even though, the rule of probate differs in almost every state, in the United Sates, this is the universal reference in case such a matter

Media Theory Understanding Media Media Essay

Media Theory Understanding Media Media Essay Media theory is analyzing the media in different views. An understanding of media theory explains the various ways in which our way of communication determines how feelings are developed and also are limited, whom we can reach and whom we cannot, who and what we are and what we think and dont think about. This explains everything that we can do, think and experience practically in the world (see ref 1) To put it in a broader sense, we can say that an explanation or understanding of a set of concepts and ideas that are coherent is a theory.(the world in its broadest sense, e.g. the individual human being, man-made artifacts , group of human beings, nature etc.). A way in which one generally proceeds while attempting to understand or explain the world is a method. A process where a given theory (understanding) and a given method (procedure) are confronted and united is an analysis therefore that leads to an outcome of the analysis. The concept of method, theory and analysis can be broadly depicted as shown below. (See ref 2) We can say that in the analysis of the world, one observes it with a particular gaze (the approach in which the eye scans the world around and continues towards it) and few look through certain optics, or a particular pair of glasses (the grinding and form of spectacle lenses) that give a particular view of the world, which is what one sees. (see ref 2) The vital concepts of media theory are: Media Language Media language is all about having an understanding of the involved processes in the building of the media texts and the way techniques used in the building affects the way the texts are read. The technical codes of the any certain forms of media are to be discussed (like the font or size of the masthead on a newspapers first page, or the using of a music that is spooky in a certain scene or horror film) and the way they are used produce the required meaning. But the description of these would become much easier with some knowledge of Semiotic theory, as this would help us to describe the way communication takes place. According to this theory, every particular piece of text, if its a book, a film, a picture or an individual word-they are all made up of unique signs. These unique signs have both denotative or literal meaning- a signifier and a signified meaning or a connotative. The shape the sign takes is the signifier, and the idea it represents is the signified. Having knowledge about semiotic theory is very useful especially while studying advertising. The advertisers generally plan to give supplementary meanings to the products which would help in selling of the product, upon the actual literal meaning. Genre This Genre concept accounts for conventions and codes that texts generally share and also their features that are generic. By identifying some major elements that occur in the text and also in other texts of the same genre, the genre of the text is classified. The elements vary from font to music to costume to plot points (depends on the medium) and these are known as paradigms (generally, method of doing something).The paradigms are identified by the audience and these accordingly bring about an expectations set to the text reading. For example, in a police thriller the accused is brought to the justice at the end. These paradigms can be made into groups depending on if they relate to theme (the ideas and issues it deals with), structure (how the text is put and the shape the text takes) and iconography ( i e., the major symbols and signs that we hear/see). Narrative Narrative refers to the text shape or structure itself, its story telling way and how it is formed or shaped. This comes from the common word narrator which means a storyteller. In a similar way, narrative indicates a written story or a story that is told. When mass media is concerned the media text is the story and complete team of people involved in building and shaping it properly for the audience. Thus narrative is a way of structuring and organizing Representation According to the definition, every media text is a reality re-presentation. In other words, these are all intentionally composed, lit, written, framed, cropped, captioned, branded, targeted and censored by the producers. These are completely artificial composition of the real world we see around. All that we see, listen and read in the media is build. Its important to keep in mind while studying the media-any form of media, ranging from a video at home to a magazine that is glossy, everything is representation of some persons idea of existence, coded as a series of symbols and signs which is readable by the audience. Though, it is vital to make a note that the absence of media would make our perception towards reality much limited. And these duplicate or artificial texts are required to communicate our worlds view as an audience. To put it more clearly, for a sense of reality media is required. Hence the representation is a fluid and also a process that is two-way; the producers plac e the text somewhere in connection to reality and this text is determined on its connection to reality by the audiences. Audience: A minimum of two parties are required for a communication to take place, that is, one who send the message and the one who receives it. The receiver of the text is the audience as they interpret the conveyed message. Either analyzing or constructing a text, the text destination has to be considered, i.e., the audience and the response of the audience (or other) to the text. (See ref 3). This document is about to discuss about a commercial T.V advertisement and analyzing it in the semiotics view of perspective. Semiology/Semiotics Semiotics depicts a variety of studies in literature, art, anthropology and mass media instead of a separate academic discipline. Semiotics is vital as it helps us in not taking reality for something which has a existence that is purely objective and is not dependent on human interpretation. It explains how reality is a signs system. Learning the subject semiotics would result in more awareness and making us realize reality is a construction, also of the roles played by others and ourselves to construct it. It brings about awareness that computers, visual or audio media, books or in the world doesnt contain the meaning for information. The transmission of meaning is not directly done; a complex exchange of conventions or codes happens and these are created by us. But we arent always aware of these. Its both innately interesting and knowledgeably endowing being aware of such kind of codes and conventions. From semiotics, we realize that we are in a world that is full of signs and ther e is no other way of understanding things, but through organized codes and signs. The study of semiotics gives us an awareness that these codes and signs are generally transparent but our task is disguised in reading them. As the visual signs in the world are increasing day by day, we have to understand that though some signs appear to be very realistic, they are not realistic. We might perform the semiotic function that is- denaturalizing of signs which is valuable; this might be performed by making the codes more obvious and clear by which the interpretation of signs is done. The ideological functions are served when the realities are defined. The realities that are suppressed and those that are privileged can be revealed by contesting and deconstructing the sign realities. The maintenance and construction of reality is the study of signs. It is like leaving the control of the world that we live in that is full of meaning to others if such studies are declined. (See ref 4) Social Semiotics/Multimodal Semiotics/Multimedia Semiotics: Ranging from movies, music, mass media images, printed texts, voice, digital multimedia and web content in the computer- we include various kinds of media that is physical in our everyday usage of signs and languages for meaning making and communication. These several means of communicating a meaning (often referred as modalities of communication) sometimes overlay and interpret or pass on the meaning from other contemporary media in our culture. We can simultaneously watch the news on the television that interprets an event, listen to music, we can read the multimedia web pages, also watch a genre like sit-com which is a mass-media genre that would require lot of knowledge of codes, write emails, write or talk about a movie. That is we are continuously making meaning, sending and receiving in several types of media, regularly communicating and deducing meaning from one medium to other. This learning points to something which is referred as semiosphere; an existence of our concurrent and inherited semiotic system; the whole world of possible and available meanings in the cultural system. The social semiotics proceeds to semiosis- a meaning making process; necessarily the system of meaning-the inter-relations between signs are taken into consideration as the resources for deployment of meaning making. Some semiotic practices are specifically scrutinized for the building of several types of messages and meanings in several situations and cultural contexts that are of meaningful activity by social semiotics. (See ref 5). Let us consider the advertisements that were released on air by the virgin group of company on the virgin mobiles to study the concept of Semiotics. The virgin company deals with two different types of business one is the mobile network and second one is the media such as broadband and TV channel network. This network provider entered into the market with a lot of value added services such as message offers, low rate international calling, To make the public know about these services the virgin group has made a several advertisements and released on air. The above two images are the logos of the Virgin group Ltd. From the above logos or the symbols we can identify whether the business is mobiles or the broadband. In the above two businesses virgin mobile was introduced in 1999 and virgin media was introduced into the market in 2007. If you observe the font style and the color of the word virgin in both the logos, are same because of the brand image. Even the color used in the virgin mobile logo couldnt be kept away from the virgin media logo ANALYSIS Advertisements are now a days very much important in the real world to make the people aware of any news; these advertisements may be in the form of newspaper ads, TV commercials, radio transmission, internet and leaflets. These advertisements are now become very commercial. Companies who want to release any new product have to make people know about it and this is done by advertising the product in different means. These make profits to the companies and thats why, even the advertisements are very expensive the companies make advertise their products spending lot of money. On the other side the companies are making controversial advertisements to make the product highlight for the better sales. There were many controversial ads released in air by many companies, where these ads are not accepted by the society which are either banned or released by removing the uncensored bits from the ad. But, from past 2 Decades the Indian advertising industry has released many censored advertisements which are unfit for the public acceptance (See ref 6). As advertisement consists of fully semiotic codes and its meanings, analyzing the advertisements in semiotic view of perspective is very easy. Coming to the analyzing part the media I have chosen is a TV commercial advertisement from virgin mobile network. Virgin mobile network is one of the largest cellular network providers in India which is a joint group between the Tata cellular service and virgin group. This network provider has launched in India recently in 2008 provides both postpaid and prepaid sim cards. The above two companies together provides 50 per cent of share in the market (see ref7). During the Indian premier league (IPL) matches, these advertisements were banned due to some comments made in these advert. Some of them are class and some of them are violent. These advertisements are made by the virgin mobile to advert the service that is provided by the network which is the cheapest STD calls provided by the virgin mobiles. To show that they are providing the `cheapest STD rates they have chosen eight people from different states of India where each of them calls to each other for every single minute which s hows the STD calls are cheaper. To make this concept mix up with the IPL (INDIAN PREMIERE LEAGUE) they have chosen eight people as there are eight teams in IPL where each member is a fan of their state team. These eight members rings up each other for every single minute and abuses themselves about the teams which shows that the STD calls are very cheaper. When we observe the name of the provider Virgin Mobiles the meaning of the word Virgin is pure and by this we can analyze that the company has chosen the name to say that the network is very good. There were total 63 ads released during the IPL as there were eight fans for the eight teams in IPL and each one of them criticizes the other seven teams. The following are the images from the ads which were banned during IPL by the virgin mobile. On the first look of these images we can notice that two people are talking to each other in a phone, but when you observe the last image when the sign or the symbol STD @20p/min is displayed than the viewers comes to a conclusion that the people are speaking from different parts of India at a very cheap rate and also can conclude that the network provider is providing the STD calls at very low cost. As we know semiotics is the study of signs where everything that taken as sign. According to the Daniel Chandler semiotics is not only the study of signs but anything that stands for something. The above image is from one of the advert released by virgin mobile during IPL, in the above image the left side fan belongs to the Bangalore team and the right side fan belongs to the Punjab team, this we can know by seeing the titles below the both fans. By considering the Daniel Chandler statement on semiotics and by viewing the above image in his view of perspective we can say that the right side fan belongs to Punjab even though if there is no caption because of the physical appearance of him, as all the people who lives in Punjab wears the turban on their head. In India people never used to say or think about the word virgin as it gives us the primary idea about sex, but when this network entered into market with the name virgin than people mainly youngsters slowly started speaking the word. This network created massive profits and became one of the top network providers in India in a very less period of time as they concentrated mainly on youth rather than old people. To attract the youngsters the virgin group of ltd has released the advertisements on virgin mobiles which is based mainly on love and some of the advertisements are based on the friendship. (See ref8) Then slowly trend has entered into the society that the word virgin was printed on t-shirts which shows that youth was so attracted towards the virgin network. After attracting the youth this network was slowly called as the Dhosth ka network which means friends network as it was very useful for a group of friends who wants to keep in touch for a very long time because it provides the lowest calling rate. This virgin network mainly concentrated on youth rather than the aged people by providing services such as message offers and free calls to a number. The advertisements which were released by the company other than the ads released during IPL were very much attracted by the youth as they was fully involved with the ideas of a student. The color combination used in the logo of virgin media i.e. red and white gives the feel of romantic and cool which attracted the youngsters a lot. The caption that is used for this network is Think hatke which means think different. Now a days caption plays a major role in every single media in this world. Caption is defined as the short name or title which describes the meaning and the ideas of a business or any other media. These captions are now a days became very popular that each and every company who wants to introduce any new product into the market they advert it by different media transmissions with a good caption. INTERNET SOURCE OF THE BANNED ADVERTISEMENT:

Workplace Violence Essay -- Essays Papers

Workplace Violence â€Å"And who has not thought that the impersonal world deserves no better than to be destroyed by one fabulous sign of his displeasure?† (J. Bronowski, The Face of Violence) Workplace violence has become a concern for both public and private companies, and has prompted these companies to implement anti-violence programs. As well they should, for the Bureau of Justice Statistics shows in their Special Report on Workplace Violence, researched by Dr. Greg Warchol , that in each year for the period of 1992 – 96 more than 2.2 million residents were victims of violent acts while they were working or on duty. (BJS Special Report, July 1998, NCJ 168634) The most common violent act committed was simple assault with an estimated 1.5 million victimizations each year and then followed by an estimated yearly average of 395,000 aggravated assaults, 51,000 rapes and sexual assaults, 84,000 robberies and 1,000 homicides. A stranger to the victim committed the majority of workplace crime while less than 1% were intimates. Men were more likely to be the perpetrator and or the victim of violence. In the public arena retail workers had the highest rate of robbery and aggravated assault victimization while police and teachers were the most often victimized in the public arena. 20 % of violent incidents in the workplace involved an armed offender of which a firearm was used fewer than 10% of the time. This is that data that faces all employers in every sector and by which they must base their approach to formulate programs that will help create a safe and comfortable atmosphere for both their employees and their clients. Many of the conditions that prevail in today’s workplace seem to breed critical incidents. Among them are: 1.) Competitive pressures. Relentless global market forces demand constant changes in methods of production and workplace organization. Employees find themselves having to perform in new ways and more efficiently. In addition, privacy has been eroded by electronic surveillance on the job, drug testing and computerized performance monitoring. Abrasive co-workers or autocratic supervisors create additional stresses. The long-term consequences may be overwhelming psychological stress leading to hostility and outbursts of violent or bizarre behavior. 2.) Domestic dysfunction overspill. Family discord, domestic violence, ... ... Workplace violence as you can see, is a problem that plagues us all. With the pressure on everyone to perform, from the man in the ditch to the CEO, its know wonder were having a problem. And both the public and private sectors of business are in a mad dash to stop the violence that is happening. With all the major corporations having either an anti violence program or rules about such behavior, what is the cost to the individual? Will they have to work harder and more efficiently? Will there be more threats and intimidation to perform, to cover the cost of these programs? Or will business see an improvement in the working relations of its employees? With the right people in charge of these programs, there is hope for improvement, but only if business is serious about the problem! You see very little TV coverage of work place violence, unless it extremely violent. Even then there must be a death, or deaths to bring on the sensationalizing that TV needs. Because of this, will business wait for the coverage to demand a solution or will they head it off. When you’re at work, there’s no reason â€Å"†¦ to be destroyed by one fabulous sign of his displeasure†. Only time will tell.

Food Tourism

World Tourism Organization, 2012 Secretary General: Taleb Rifai Executive Director for Competitiveness, External Relations and Partnerships: Marcio Favilla L. de Paula Editorial team: Dmitriy Ilin, Project Manager, Global Report on Food Tourism Inaki Gaztelumendi, Consultant, TANGIBLE – Tourism Industry Consultants Peter Jordan Series editor: UNWTO would like to sincerely thank all those who contributed material to this report. Copyright  © 2012, World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) Global Report on Food Tourism Published by the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), Madrid, Spain.First printing: 2012 All rights reserved. Printed in Spain. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinions whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the World Tourism Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or bound aries. Photos by UNWTO and Dreamstime World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) Calle Capitan Haya, 42 28020 Madrid Spain Citation: World Tourism Organization (2012), Global Report on Food Tourism, UNWTO, Madrid Tel. (+34) 915 678 100 Fax: (+34) 915 713 733 Website: www. unwto. org E-mail: [email  protected] org publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, work and is pleased to consider permissions, licensing, and translation requests related to UNWTO publications. Permission to photocopy UNWTO material in Spain must be obtained through: Calle Monte Esquinza, 14 28010 Madrid Spain Fax: (+34) 913 08 63 27 Website: www. edro. org E-mail: [email  protected] org For authorization of the reproduction of UNWTO works outside of Spain, please contact one of CEDRO’s partner organizations, with which bilateral agreements are in place (see: http://www. cedro. org/en). For all remaining countries as well as f or other permissions, requests should be addressed directly to the World Tourism Organization. For applications see: http://www. unwto. org/pub/rights. htm. Global Report on Food Tourism CONTENTSForeward Taleb Rifai / 4 Introduction / 5 Gastronomy’s importance in the development of tourism destinations in the world / 6 Global trends on food tourism / 10 What our Members say / 12 CASE STUDIES International Initiatives Euro-toques in Europe: 3500 artisan cooks in defence of â€Å"eating well† / 18 Food and the Tourism Experience / 20 Foda / 22 Tourism Destinations Azerbaijan: aromas and tastes of the East with a European twist / 26 Brazil and its Paths of Flavour / 28 Egypt: food tourism experience / 30 Food and wine tourism in Georgia / 32 Kazakhstan: tracing the country’s ancient history through its food / 34 Gastronomic tourism in Korea – Globalizing Hansik / 36 A taste of Moscow / 38 Malaysia: at the cross-roads of Asian food culture / 40 Morning pilau, or peculiarities of Uzbek cuisine / 42 Business organizations Tasting Spain: the creation of a product club for gastronomic tourism / 46 Food and wine tourism: Challenges and Opportunities / 48 Sustainable gastronomy: Prospects for the Future / 50 Fine dining: an â€Å"awakening to art de vivre† Relais & Chateaux-style / 52 A brief summary of the SETE study â€Å"Gastronomy & the Marketing of Greek Tourism† / 54 Educational organizations The Basque Culinary Center / 58 Safety Food – the Brazilian Experience / 60 Presentation of the B. E. S. T. concept / 62 Foreword Taleb Rifai, Secretary-General, World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) For many of the world’s billions of tourists, returning to familiar destinations to enjoy tried and tested recipes, cuisine, gastronomy has become a central part of the tourism experience. Against this background, food tourism has gained increasing attention over the past years. Tourists are attracted to local produce and many destinations are centering their product development and marketing accordingly.With food so deeply connected to its origin, this focus allows destinations to market themselves as truly unique, appealing to those travelers who look to feel takes a closer look at the links between tourism and food, highlighting the importance of this industry to the tourism sector and economies worldwide. Bringing together experiences from some of the world’s top tourism destinations, as well as from food tourism experts, the report offers important insight and recommendations into this growing segment of tourism. Members and other organizations who have contributed to this report. I trust it will serve as a delicious appetizer to the improved knowledge and continued development of food tourism.This is especially important for rural communities, many of which have struggled in the face of rapid urbanization and shifts away from traditional economic sectors. With their proximity to food-producin g lands, rural communities often enjoy a comparative advantage when it comes to serving up traditional fare. Tourism, particularly food tourism, allows these communities to generate income and employment opportunities locally, providing jobs for vineyard tour guides or local chefs, while fuelling other sectors of the local economy such as agriculture. The Global Report on Food Tourism, the latest in the UNWTO Secretary-General, Taleb Rifai 4 UNWTO Global Report on Food TourismThe aim was to try to obtain a series of conclusions regarding some of the initiatives that are going on worldwide in Food Tourism for possible inclusion in the the public sector and businesses about policies for importance of gastronomy in the development of tourism destinations in the world and reviews the global trends in Food Tourism. It also reports on the results of the survey Introduction the current situation of Gastronomic Tourism. The second part of the report presents case studies of Food Tourism. Fi rst, it presents international initiatives such as Eurotoques, an organization of chefs that includes more than 3,500 restaurateurs from 18 countries; the study carried out by the OECD on â€Å"Food and the Tourism Experience†; and the Slow Food movement, which was founded in 1986 and is present in more than 122 countries.In recent years, Food Tourism has grown considerably and has become one of the most dynamic and creative segments of tourism. Both destinations and tourism companies are aware of the importance of gastronomy in order to diversify tourism and stimulate local, regional and national economic development. Furthermore, Food Tourism includes in its discourse ethical and sustainable values based on the territory, the landscape, the sea, local culture, local products, authenticity, which is something it has in common with current trends of cultural consumption. This new volume of the â€Å"AM Reports† series, â€Å"Global Members of the World Tourism Organiz ation (UNWTO), and was produced with the support of Member States, egional and national tourism destinations, such as Brazil, Egypt, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Korea, Uzbekistan and Moscow. It also includes the experience of business organizations the management and promotion of Food Tourism of Spain; the Portuguese Institute for Tourism Planning and Development (IPDT); the Hotel and Gastronomy Business Federation of Argentina (FEHGRA); Relais & Chateaux, an exclusive collection of 475 charming hotels and gourmet restaurants in 55 countries; and the Association of Greek Tourism Enterprises (SETE) . In this Report, we have attempted to carry out an analysis of the current situation of Food Tourism, through of tourism and gastronomy professionals with extensive experience in international organizations, in destination training. ducational institutions, such as the Basque Culinary Centre in San Sebastian, the National Confederation of Trade in Goods, Services and Tourism of Brazil (CNCSENAC) and the Ecole Hoteliere de Lausanne, on their vision and the role of human resources training in the development of Food Tourism. UNWTO Global Report on Food Tourism 5 Gastronomy’s importance in the development of tourism destinations in the world Carmina Fandos Herrera, Senior Lecturer in Marketing, Universidad de Zaragoza Javier Blanco Herranz, gastronomic tourism? Today, travellers are more experienced, have more disposable income and more leisure time to travel, and thus tourism allows them to escape the daily routine of their usual environment and immerse themselves in a world of freedom and novelty.Thus, more and more tourists in the world are looking for concrete learning experiences, and in this endeavour the gastronomic experience, in highly diverse ways, is playing an increasingly prominent part. Current research in gastronomic tourism is scarce and is mainly focused on wine, and â€Å"oenotourists† are not necessarily the same individuals who engage in othe r, nonoenological gastronomic activities. Gastronomic tourism is an emerging phenomenon that is being developed as a new tourism product due, inter alia, to the fact that according to the specialized literature (among others, Quan and Wang, 2004) over a third of tourist spending is devoted to food. Therefore, the cuisine of the destination is an aspect of utmost importance in the quality of the holiday experience. PhD Student in Marketing, Universidad de Zaragoza sed in the literature is that proposed by Hall and Sharples (2003), according to which food tourism is an experiential trip to a gastronomic region, for recreational or entertainment purposes, which includes visits to primary and secondary producers of food, gastronomic festivals, food fairs, events, farmers’ markets, cooking shows and demonstrations, tastings of quality food products or any tourism activity related to food. In addition, this experiential journey is related to a particular lifestyle that includes exp erimentation, learning from different cultures, the acquisition of knowledge and understanding of the qualities or attributes related to tourism products, as well as culinary specialities produced in that region through its consumption.Thus, the experience of gastronomic tourism is considered as such, provided that everything mentioned above constitutes the main reason or motivation to travel for visitors to a particular destination or But even without gastronomy being the main motivation for choosing a destination, the fact is that it is increasingly 6 UNWTO Global Report on Food Tourism occupying a substantial role as a secondary or partial motivation of tourists in the world (according to recent research, eating in restaurants is the second favourite activity of foreigners visiting the United States and is the number one leisure activity for U. S. travellers when they visit other countries). organized around an effective system of public-private cooperation.Both approaches are in separable and can restaurants and food industries, but also other sectors indirectly related but linked to tourism, creating conditions for improving local employment and the promotion of new outside the scope of the product â€Å"gastronomic tourism†, and adaptable to tourism-motivation dynamics that are increasingly plural and complex. Thus, we can take a step further and say that gastronomic tourism applies to tourists and visitors who plan their trips partially or totally in order to taste the cuisine of the place or to carry out activities related to gastronomy. Gastronomic tourism comprises many different subtypes if we look through the prism of the food or dish in question.Thus we have, for example, offerings related to whisky, cider, cognac, cava, horchata, sake, or tea. Gastronomic routes are becoming without doubt one of the most developed products in this area. A gastronomic route is a system that constitutes a comprehensive and thematic tourism offering, generally branded, and is area (although in reality, gastronomy has no borders), with a series of tourism products or sites, such as factories and restaurants, which are listed in tourism guidebooks dish, generally with differentiated quality, or gastronomic events or activities. The route also informs about other sites of historical interest, thus promoting economic development throughout the area.Therefore, the idea is to bring together different types of tourist attractions and to offer them in a conveniently packaged form so that tourists stay longer in the area than if only one kind of attraction is featured. In our opinion, gastronomic routes will be successful if they manage to activate gastronomic heritage and convert it into food tourism as an attraction for tourists, while at the same time differentiating it from the competition as visitors look for variety, new sensations and authentic experiences. But, any creation or value proposition made to strengthen travel motivations centre d on gastronomy should be underpinned by sustainability principles and practices and Carmina Fandos HerreraGastronomic tourism, lifestyle and tourism motivations Lifestyle is used in tourism to assess involvement in tourism experiences. Researchers have pointed out that culinary tourism is an authentic experience of a sophisticated lifestyle in a pleasant environment, associated with the good life and the economic wellbeing of consuming exclusive, high-quality locally grown products. Tourist motivations constitute a key concept for the design and creation of products and services that add value for tourists. Motivations are related to consumer satisfaction and are considered a key component in understanding the decision-making process of visitors.Thus, several physical or physiological needs (sensory perception and hedonism) security, cultural and social needs, the need to belong or interpersonal needs, the need for prestige (local delicacies), status or self-realization. In additio n, UNWTO Global Report on Food Tourism 7 the literature posits two dimensions for motivation: the hedonistic, with regard to aesthetic products, and the utilitarian or rational. Tourism destination image and the gastronomic tourism experience Several studies have found that tourists travel to those destinations that have established a reputation as a place to experiment with quality local products. tourist motivations as either internal stimuli or â€Å"push†, or external stimuli or â€Å"pull†.The former are considered from the perspective of demand, and they lead the tourist to travel to gastronomic tourism destinations that often include desires as well as psychological, social and ego-centric needs such as escapism from the daily routine, relaxing with family, rest, exploration and social interaction and affective or emotional bonding. The resources considered pull factors are cultural and natural attractions, special events and festivals, experiences with food pro ducts in the destinations and other opportunities for leisure and entertainment, value, friendliness of residents, gastronomic diversity and variety, attributes or characteristics of the destination such as proximity, etc. whose brand image is connected, with varying levels of intensity, to gastronomic values.By way of example, it is possible to give a non-exhaustive list that includes, among others, Spain, France, Italy, Greece, Belgium, Portugal, USA (especially in areas such as California’s Napa and Sonoma Valleys), Brazil, Peru, Mexico, New Zealand, South Africa, Australia, Chile, Malaysia, Japan, example, that the Mediterranean diet of Spain, Greece, Italy and Morocco was included in UNESCO’s list of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity in November 2010. As for the gastronomic tourism experience, it can be a number of attributes (attractiveness of the food and environment, quality of service), after a stay in a tourist destination where the tourist engaged in an activity related to gastronomy. The tourist’s perceived value of a particular destination or establishment is therefore multidimensional.Post-experience satisfaction is a critical indicator for assessing the effectiveness or performance of the products and services of the destination. The tourist’s satisfaction with the purchase depends on the product’s performance in relation to the tourist’s expectations. It should be kept in mind that different cultures have different perceptions of satisfaction and evaluation of gastronomy and that high quality of service can result in dissatisfaction among consumers if their expectations had been too high, for example, due to exaggerated advertising. Satisfaction with the destination leads to customer loyalty and this in turn gives a higher level of intention to repeat the visit.Quality gastronomy is a decisive factor in satisfaction, as it produces a lasting memory about the experience lived by the tourist. Thus, depending on the expectations held by the consumer as to the †¦ the cuisine of the destination is an aspect of utmost importance in the quality of the holiday experience. Javier Blanco Herranz 8 UNWTO Global Report on Food Tourism gastronomy of the destination, such expectations predict behaviour. Here is where success lies: having tourists revisit the destination due to its gastronomy. The festive atmosphere, relaxation and fun experienced by the tourist during a gastronomic route, and the social interaction with people of similar interests create associations in the tourist’s mind linked to the good times experienced by the visitor.To recap, gastronomic tourism is a local phenomenon of universal scope that is in a clear growth phase; it has a positive impact on the economy, employment and local heritage, as tourists seek to get to know not only the local food but also to know its origin and production processes, making it an expression of cultural tourism; it has grea t potential for expansion as a main motivation for tourism trips and although this type of tourism is still practised by a minority of tourists, the fact is that it is attracting a very select type of tourist with a high volume of expenditure on very high-quality products, and lastly, the development of gastronomic tourism contributes to improving the general perception of the destination. the Mediterranean diet of Spain, Greece, Italy and Morocco was included in UNESCO’s list of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity in November 2010. 1 QUAN, S. & WANG, N. 2004, â€Å"Towards a structural model of the tourist experience: An illustration from food experiences in tourism† Tourism management, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 297-305. 2 HALL, C. M. & SHARPLES, L. (2003). â€Å"The consumption of experiences or the experience of consumption? An introduction to the tourism of taste† in Food tourism around the world. Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, pp. 1-24. UNWTO Global Report on Food Tourism 9 Global trends in food tourism A people that does not drink its wine and eat its cheese has a serious identity problem. † Inaki Gaztelumendi, Consultant on food tourism The development of tourism today is paradoxical. It simultaneously generates processes of globalization and enhanced appreciation of local resources. Tourism destinations, obliged to maintain increasingly intense competitiveness and engaged in a constant struggle to retain some of their market, face an increasingly dynamic and sophisticated environment. The world is increasingly open; however, tourists seek experiences based on local identity and culture. In recent years gastronomy has become an indispensable element in order to get to know the culture and lifestyle of a territory.Gastronomy embodies all the traditional values associated with the new trends in tourism: respect for culture and tradition, a healthy lifestyle, authenticity, sustainability, experience†¦ Likewise, gastr onomy represents an opportunity to revitalize and diversify tourism, promotes local economic development, involves different professional sectors (producers, chefs, markets, etc. ), and brings new uses to the primary sector. This leading role of gastronomy in the choice of destination and tourism consumption has resulted in the growth of gastronomic offerings based on high-quality local products and the consolidation of a separate market for food tourism. What are the major global trends and the keys to success that can be observed in this development of food tourism? It is a growing market.The growth of food tourism worldwide is an obvious fact. It is one of the most dynamic segments within the tourism market. But what are food tourists like? They are tourists who take part in the new trends of cultural consumption. They are travellers seeking the authenticity of the places they visit through food. They are concerned about the origin of products. They recognize the value of gastron omy as a means of socializing, as a space for sharing life with others, for exchanging experiences. Such tourists have higher-thanaverage expenditure, they are demanding and appreciative, 10 UNWTO Global Report on Food Tourism and they eschew uniformity.Therefore, gastronomy cannot become a bland and anonymous product; it must have personality, because otherwise it will become vulnerable, de-localized and subject to adulteration. The territory is the backbone of gastronomic offerings. The terroir is an element that differentiates and is the source local identity. It encompasses environmental and landscape values, history, culture, traditions, the countryside, the sea, the own cuisine of the place. In this regard, the conversion of the territory into a culinary landscape is one of the challenges of tourism destinations. The product is the basis of Food Tourism. Therefore, natural resources we are going to convert into tourism products that make it possible to identify this territory. Cultural Heritage.Culture is the set of behaviours, knowledge and customs that shape a society and on which a sense of belonging is based. The design of any food tourism offering will not viable if it does not take into account the cultural characteristics of the territory. Gastronomy allows tourists to access the cultural and historical heritage of destinations through tasting, experiencing and purchasing. That is, it makes it possible to approach culture in a more experiential and participatory way that is not purely contemplative. We must also take into account the emergence of new cultural values, which increase the richness and cultural diversity of the country. In this regard, Tradition and Innovation coexist in a natural manner.Gastronomic tradition is in a process of continuous evolution, and the challenge for professionals is to incorporate innovation in order to renew and adapt their offerings to the needs of the new cultural consumer. Sustainability. Food tourism is capa ble of addressing cultural and environmental concerns in a way that is compatible with purely economic arguments. The recent history of global tourism development is littered with nominally sustainable models and manifestly unsustainable actions. The idea is not to create new indiscriminate pressure on culinary heritage, but to leverage it rationally with an eye to sustainability. It is not about â€Å"touristifying† gastronomy, by creating new offerings or scaling up existing ones. It is not so much bout creating in order to attract, but rather attracting visitors to participate in the destination’s own cultural reality, well explained and interpreted, through cuisine, local products and all the services and activities that surround them. Quality. Destinations that want to promote food tourism have and recognition of local products, the development of a competitive offering, the professionalism of human resources throughout the value chain of food tourism through trai ning and retraining, and consumer protection and reception in order to increase visitor satisfaction. Communication. Destinations must articulate a credible and authentic narrative of their food tourism offerings.The travel experience has changed and is not limited to the days of actual travelling, but rather it starts much earlier, with its preparation (the tourist becomes inspired, gathers information, compares, purchases), and the experience ends when the traveller assesses and shares his experiences through social networks. Playing key roles in the process are: the great chefs who have ignited a revolution in the segment of high-end cuisine as a revitalizing element for tourism, the media (especially television), tourist guides, food blogs and social networks in the image building of a destination. And destinations must be present in all channels and all parts of this process. Cooperation.It is necessary for the actors operating in chefs, restaurateurs, public administrations, h oteliers, food tourism product offerings. Inaki Gaztelumendi UNWTO Global Report on Food Tourism 11 What our Members say With a view to the publication of the Global Report on Food Tourism, a survey was conducted among the UNWTO Members, working in diverse sectors around the world, were received in this regard. Strategy According to the results this survey, 88. 2% of respondents the brand and image of their destination. Only 11. 8% were of the opinion that gastronomy plays a minor role. â€Å"gastronomy is a strategic and image of their destination† However, a smaller percentage of respondents believe that their country has its own gastronomic brand: only percentage (32. %) believe that their country has not structured its own brand of gastronomy, meaning that, in general, destinations still have some ways to go in terms of Gastronomic Culture Among the elements of the gastronomic culture of the destination which they consider should be featured in promotional campaigns today , most respondents cite the quality, variety and regional diversity of foods, notably, meat, etc. As added value they lean towards broader concepts such as the Mediterranean diet, included on the UNESCO World Heritage list, healthy cooking, sustainability, or multiculturalism. They also point to the importance of restaurant offerings with a strong local basis (Mediterranean, oriental, ethnic, etc. ) that combine tradition and innovation, and the role of international cuisine.As for gastronomic tourism products that exist in their place the importance of food events (expressed by 79% of 12 UNWTO Global Report on Food Tourism respondents). This is followed by gastronomic routes and cooking classes and workshops, with 62% answering and visits to markets and producers (53%). Having less weight among gastronomic tourism product offerings are museums (cited by only 12% of respondents), and presentations with 6% of positive answers. 68% of the organizations consulted carry out marketing ac tivities or promotion based on Food Tourism. The marketing and promotional tools most used by these entities are: organizing events (91%), producing brochures and advertising (82%) and dedicated websites on food tourism (78 %).At a lower level are promotional tools such as tourism guides (61%), blogs (43%), and familiarization trips for journalists and tour operators (13%). And lastly, only 4% of the organizations surveyed said they used social networks for the promotion of food tourism. UNWTO Global Report on Food Tourism 13 Economic Impact Currently food tourism is still a regional phenomenon. According to the results of the survey, the marketing of gastronomic tourism products gives top priority to the regional market. At a second level are the local and national markets. And in last place is the international market. Finally, the survey asked respondents for an estimate of the economic impact of food tourism on their destination.In general, most of the organizations surveyed ind icated that there is still no systematic analysis of the economic impact of food tourism. However, they consider that the weight of gastronomy in tourism revenue in destinations have a large margin to work with in this respect. Cooperation Asked about the existence at their destination of collaboration between the tourism sector and local gastronomy actors (producers, restaurants, markets, etc. ), the general opinion is that there is cooperation on concrete marketing actions, in particular, with local restaurants, but there are currently no stable instruments of cooperation for the development and promotion of food tourism. In fact, 37. 5% of respondents recognizeFrom the results of the survey it is possible to draw a set of general recommendations for tourism destinations promotion of food tourism. First, traditional strategies in the development of food tourism must give way to strategic tools to articulate the quality, variety and uniqueness of local products and gastronomy of a territory. These offerings, presented with authenticity and as experiences to be lived, must be based on the values of cultural identity, sustainability, the quality of tourism products and services, and consumer protection. Also, in a highly competitive situation like the â€Å"we need to create stable instruments of cooperation for the development and promotion of food tourism† 14 UNWTOGlobal Report on Food Tourism current one, market knowledge should be one of the food guides—the organization of events, the media and use of the Internet and social networks. Third, both in the conceptualization as well as in the Members agree on the importance of establishing cooperation instruments among all actors in the value chain of Food Tourism at the local level (producers, tour operators, public administrations, etc. ). Finally, the survey shows the need to promote knowledge and research on Food Tourism. Therefore, the creation of plans to establish development guidelines and create gastronomic tourism products is seen as a priority for destinations. f seizing the opportunity represented by gastronomy for destinations. Key factors in this regard are: bringing chefs on board as interpreters of the territory, the development of high-quality and credible promotional tools—such as And additionally the following partners: UNWTO Global Report on Food Tourism 15 Case Studies International Initiatives Euro-toques in Europe: 3500 artisan cooks in defence of â€Å"eating well† Euro-Toques is neither a promotion association nor a new which are our best products. Our goal is to give value to seasonal products and to defend regional artisan production. Euro-Toques is recognized by the European Union as an organization that defends Quality Food.It forms part of the privileged network of contacts of the European Commission. Euro-toques acts as a lobby group in European and national institutions. The organization focuses its activities on Food Law as well as on the new Common Agricultural Policy, the Common Fisheries Policy and DG SANCO activities. Our bywords: Taste, Safety, Authenticity. And therefore: Act in order not to suffer. The art of cooking should adapt itself to our times. Let us be creative, let us be open to neighbouring cultures, but let us preserve our beautiful regional traditions and adapt them to modern tastes. These are the foundations of quality gastronomic tourism.We advocate a model based on the diversity of traditions and regions, quality products, products of the land and traditional recipes, which are the guarantee of the culinary heritage and continuity of local products. The products used in our kitchens are fresh and are prepared on the premises. Our work is based on seasonal products in order to respect the cycles of nature and ensure an authentic taste. And this respect for tradition is compatible with modernity: the pleasure and the art of living are passed on. Moreover, we chefs play an important role in consumer protection and the preservation of knowledge of our territory. Not only do we help people eat well, but we also welcome visitors and advise them about our gastronomy, products, places†¦ President, Euro-Toques Spain 18 UNWTO Global Report on Food TourismAt present, one of the major projects of Euro-toques is the creation of a gastronomic map of Spain. A map in which typical local products are represented in each community, province, city and town; and if possible accompanied by recipes. Traditional recipes, and modern ones as well. Recipes that show that the identity of a land is also determined by its products, by the producers who cultivate them, and by the cooks who buy and transform them, thus disseminating a gastronomic culture. The idea is to ultimately develop a collection of recipes that represent a distillation of local cuisines, thus highlighting the diversity of the different territories of Spain.The project consists of putting together an anthology of th e products and recipes of the various peoples of Spain, with the ultimate goal of producing a manual and a history of the different parts of our country that are named or are renowned for a product, a dish or an outstanding gastronomic activity. Euro- toques is an international organization representing more than 3500 chefs and cooks from 18 countries. It was founded by Pierre Romeyer, Paul Bocuse, Juan Mari Arzak and Pedro Subijana, among other famous chefs, on 18 November 1986, in Brussels, at the urging of the European Commission President Jacques Delors. The main objectives of Euro-toques are: To promote the good practices of artisan food producers. To protect the culinary heritage of Europe in all its diversity and with its different origins.To safeguard the healthiness of food products and encourage natural combinations. To demand proper labelling in order to provide consumers with clear information allowing them to make choices based on solid criteria. euro-toques. org Let us be creative, let us be open to neighbouring cultures, but let us preserve our beautiful regional traditions and adapt them to modern tastes. UNWTO Global Report on Food Tourism 19 Food and the tourism experience Greg Richards, Tilburg University, Netherlands Food and tourism play a major part in the contemporary experience economy. Food is a key part of all cultures, a major element of global intangible heritage and an increasingly important attraction for tourists.The linkages between food and tourism also provide a platform for local economic development, and food experiences help to brand and market destinations, as well as supporting the local culture that is so attractive to tourists (Hjalager and Richards, 2002; OECD, 2009). Food experiences have become more important in tourism as the ‘Experience Economy’ has developed. Pine and Gilmore (1999) argue that the consumer no longer pays for the basic service, but for the complete experience. In the case of food, peop le are willing to pay a premium for the added value offered by food experiences, which provide a gateway into local culture, creativity and landscapes. Tourist food experiences in particular are often contrasted with ‘everyday’ or basic eating, as people search for ‘authenticity’ and distinction in local food and gastronomy.Food provides a basis for tourism experiences by: Linking culture and tourism Developing the meal experience Producing distinctive foods Developing the critical infrastructure for food production and consumption Supporting local culture Food experiences can also stimulate local development, because food tourism is high yield tourism, that can extend the tourist season and diversify rural economies. Food experiences are labour intensive and create jobs while creating backward linkages that stimulate agriculture, and they generally do not require major new investment. Food can contribute to regional attractiveness, sustain the local enviro nment and cultural heritage and strengthen local identities and sense of community.Food and gastronomy can also in themselves be considered as creative industries, helping to stimulate innovation by involving the consumer in co-creation, stimulating links between global and local cultures (e. g. Fusion foods, foodways that link cultures) and creating narratives around food. In this sense, gastronomic tourism can be seen as a form of ‘creative tourism’ (Richards, 2011), which allows 20 UNWTO Global Report on Food Tourism tourists to develop their creativity though contact with local people and their creative lives. Major areas of innovation currently taking place around food, gastronomy and tourism include creative tourism experiences (such as cooking and food appreciation courses), food events, food trails, new cuisines (e. g. New Asian Cuisine in Singapore) and building narratives around food.Food can also provide the basis of branding and marketing activities, includi ng: Partnerships between food producers, rastaurants and the tourism industry Setting standards for local foods Lifestyle positioning, emphasizing the attractiveness of lifestyles related to gastronomy Indentifying niches Theming and packaging Developing specialty restaurants Communicating the national or regional brand through gastronomy (such as the Prove Portugal programme). The numerous case studies in the OECD study indicate that the critical success factors for food experiences in tourism include Providing a good culinary offer at home, that stimulate appreciation of food and support gastronomy that is also attractive to visitors. Developing a network of good quality restaurants Developing food and wine exportation. Education and training and attracting talent Positioning chefs in world rankings (for example ‘Gastrostars’ such as Ferran Adria) Linking food experiences to tourist needs Providing ‘glocalised’ fods that link to tourist needs as well as s howcasing authentic local cuisine or national and regional authorities: Ensure a solid base of local food culture Start from the basics (Quality, authenticity, locality) Build coalitions (Public, private partnership) Spread the message (Build the brand, communicate clearly) Develop a holistic approach (Tourism should be seen as one aspect of the entire food value network) tilburguniversity. edu References In Dodd, D. (ed. ) Food and the Tourism Experience. OECD, Paris, pp. 13-46. Gastronomy. Routledge, London. OECD (2009) The Impact of Culture on Tourism. Paris: OECD. Boston: Harvard Business School Press. Richards, G. (2011) Creativity and tourism: The state of the art. Annals of Tourism Research, 38(4), Pages 1225–1253. Greg Richards UNWTO Global Report on Food Tourism 21 FODA fuel†.If it is thought of as a nourishing substance, taken into the body to sustain life, provide energy, and promote growth, then we’re on the way to healthy living. If however, it is th ought of merely as fuel, to be consumed as quickly and as cheaply as possible, as it is so often these days, we’re heading in a dangerous, unsustainable direction; we’re heading towards monoculture of the lowest common denominator, leading to all manners of physical and social ills. Thankfully, increasing numbers of people around the world Catherine Gazzoli, and tradition, and the positive social impacts of developing culinary tourism. The Slow Food Foundation for Biodiversity shares these aims.It protects the environment, defends food biodiversity, promotes sustainable agriculture, supports small-scale producers and values their traditional knowledge. It runs projects around the world, such as the Ark of Taste, an international catalogue of traditional products at risk of extinction; Forgotten Foods, saving original breeds, vegetable varieties, breads and cheeses; Earth Markets promoting regional producers in their local communities; A Thousand Gardens In Africa, crea ting food gardens in schools, villages and urban areas. In Britain we recently presented Slow Food UK Week, featuring occasions such as Eating the Italian Way, a food art performance from the year 2062, a ground-breaking – Kentish Cob Nut.The climax of the week was a form of Food Roulette, where members of the public spun our nine-foot, green and orange Forgotten Foods Wheel, featuring British foods that are largely unknown to the general public. Samples of each were placed in trays set in each section. Whatever you landed on was yours! People tried Dove’s Farm Einkorn Flour, an ancient grain made into a dense, nutty bread, and quite rightly asked â€Å"Why have we heard of cous cous from Morocco, and quinoa from Peru, but not einkorn from Britain? † There were also Three Little Pigs chorizo, made from big, black hairy Rare-Breed Berkshire Pigs, and Jersey Black 22 UNWTO Global Report on Food TourismButter, a fruit based condiment that a Food Roulette winner sai d tasted like â€Å"Christmas in a Jar†. These and many other foods have been collected as Forgotten producers. For example, the sales of Morecambe Bay as a Forgotten Food. By highlighting a particular heritage food and community, consumers are encouraged to visit that community, widening the reach for the programme. Further good news is that the popularity of farmers markets, the appreciation of artisan producers, and the demand for culinary tourism are all on the rise. are voting with their feet and wallets for good, clean, fair food. Culinary tourism does not have to mean gourmet food. It is increasingly about unique and memorable experiences. It includes the dining xperience itself, but also an awareness that supporting such endeavours has the ability to generate rural development. It helps to diversity revenue sources, and improves rural employment and income levels. Economic objectives are as crucial as environmental, measurable, via better prices, quantities produced, and numbers employed. Local foods are disappearing their activity, producers must have economic assurance about their future. A wonderful example of integrated economic, environmental, cultural and social activity, are the Food Safaris run by Henry and Carolyn Chesshire in Herefordshire, Shropshire, Worcestershire and Wales. They are a local couple who have lived in this tranquil rural area their whole lives.They take groups of people – birthday parties, hen and stag parties, work outings, etc. – on culinary mystery tours, introducing them to the best locally produced food and drink. The visitors literally â€Å"eat the landscape†. So returning to our original topic, you can see that more and more people around the world are valuing food biodiversity and tradition, and the culinary tourism that this generates positively impacts communities. Here at Slow Food UK we will keep working passionately to promote good, clean, fair food. And you I am sure will be doing t he same for your local, regional and national communities. When it comes to foda, let’s all vote for nourishment rather than fuel. lowfood. org. uk Another wonderful legacy of Slow Food UK Week is our Chef Alliance. Many of Britain’s best chefs are now actively championing small-scale producers and their top quality, local, sustainably produced food. The chefs have created special menus using seasonal Forgotten Foods, and helped people to discover food that really matters, and drink that quenches more than thirst. Double Michelin-starred chef Marcus Wareing created a special menu for Slow Food UK Week using Forgotten Foods and heritage products such as Middle White Colchester oysters and Herdwick sheep, and has recently added Joe Schneider’s Artisan Stilton to the cheeseboard.Including these foods on the menu, increases interest in these products and encourages patrons to seek them out on their own. The chefs play a vital role in spreading awareness of quality p roduce threatened by the onslaught of industrial agriculture, environmental degradation, and market homogenization. They support artisan producers to revive and even rediscover traditional techniques. Catherine Gazzoli Slow Food UK also has a retail partner, Booth’s, a small chain of family-owned supermarkets in Northern England. UNWTO Global Report on Food Tourism 23 Tourism Destinations Azerbaijan: Aromas and tastes of the East with a European twist Larisa Javanshir, Editor-in-Chief, international tourism magazine Azerbaijan ReviewThe culinary masters of Azerbaijan have always attracted the admiration of visiting guests with their artistic skills. When merchants and warriors, historians and ambassadors of the Great Silk Road crossed the country, they often shared memories of the generous balmy cuisine of the Caspian state and brought home stories about the wonderful dishes they had been treated to. Azerbaijan cuisine has long won recognition both in the East and in Europe a s one of the most interesting on an historians and travelers and recorded in ancient written sources. The history of the art of creating culinary recipes in Azerbaijan is centuries old and based on the huge experience of ancestral cooks which has been kept to the present day. eople have become famous for their longevity. According to scientists this is down to the country’s favorable climate, lifestyle, ecologically pure products and principles of and vegetable dishes, all supplemented with soft greens and piquant spices. Friendliness towards those who come to eat and constant readiness to invite as many friends to table as possible, as well as the generous variety of offered dishes and snacks never cease to amaze foreign guests. as an invitation to a come to a generously laid table for the richest feast of tastes. Kebab houses in Azerbaijan have a similar importance to taverns in Italy, eating-houses in the Slavic countries, bistros in France etc.In the case of kebab houses however, every Since ancient times, ‘shashlik’ (kebab) has been the most favourite and traditional food among Azerbaijanis who live in northern, southern and western Azerbaijan. Shashlik course, taste it. The famous and delicious Azerbaijan ‘tendir chorek’ is, too, baked in natural ovens, just as juicy and aromatic shishlik is. 26 UNWTO Global Report on Food Tourism A sweet fairytale The Azerbaijan people’s favorite is pilaw, the main butter and saffron. Pilaw lovers are particularly fond of this type of rice cooked with Cornelian cherries. It is an exclusively impressive, beautiful and healthy dish, cooked for a long time while the aroma of meat, rice, butter and greens start teases the senses two to three hours before dinner. Be patient and you won’t regret it afterwards!By tradition, meals are crowned with sweets. In addition, main holidays of the country, e. g. ‘Novruz bayram’, inspire a true championship of baking. According to numerous foreign tourists who have tasted many local desserts, Azerbaijani national confectionery creates an unforgettable feeling of joyful discovery of a new world which tempts and allures over and over again. The main advantage of these dishes is that they are cooked on the basis of ancient, centuries-old recipes by using organic and ecologically pure products Weather-wise, March is one of the most uncertain months in Azerbaijan, though it is also the merriest since it is when the Novruz holiday is celebrated.The national cuisine of Azerbaijan always abides by centuries-old traditions, while the spring nuances of oriental dishes are the yet sparing sun and the awakening land help young herbs and vegetables to grow juicy, spicy, sweet or ‘with a touch of bitterness’. honey, select walnuts and hazelnuts, village eggs, perfect spices, as well as different additives which render any many unique recipes among which are those of ‘rakhatlukum’, ‘gozina ki’, ‘noghul’, jellied fruits and other â€Å"sweet fairy-tales† of Azerbaijan cookery which can stay fresh, soft and exquisite in appearance. You can taste the dishes of Azerbaijan cuisine listed in this article in almost any restaurant or kebab house, particularly in Baku, the capital city.Hospitable owners and cooks will offer you the best menu of the season and will always wish you â€Å"Noosh olsoon! † The Azerbaijani autumn brings health. This effect is also largely promoted by subtropical plants, the fruits of which are sparingly supplied to markets because when ripe this tender masterpiece of gardening art is balmy drink – none other than date-plums. There are nearly two hundred kinds of persimmon, of which only 4 or 5 are cultivated as garden residents. The best sort – the so-called ‘korolyok’ – is popular not only for its sugary pulp, but also for its magical salubrious qualities. Be aware that round and s olid fruits of quince conceal magical qualities of southern gardens.They are covered with thin velvet bloom and are hard to chew on, but once processed, quince is irreplaceable for tea-drinking. It is also indispensable as an ingredient for garnishing meat dishes, or for cooking special diet dishes. Condensed quince juice is used both as a sauce and as a panacea against anemia. Seeds and leaves of quince are also medicinal, as their aqueous tincture enfeebles and stops more popular than imported bananas, pineapples and coconuts. They are successfully replaced by kiwi, feijoa, walnuts and chestnuts. Larisa Javanshir UNWTO Global Report on Food Tourism 27 Brazil and its Paths of Flavour There are many ways of knowing the soul of a people.One of the most fascinating is, without a doubt, the gastronomy. The art of combining foods and seasonings, the rituals of preparing and serving, the pleasure of being together by the dining table, all of that is part of the much wider universe of thi s cultural heritage, this never ending set of values that determine our identity. It is exactly because of that, that gastronomy, besides being a competitive differential for tourism, is one of the tools that reveal the characteristics, traces, and culture of a people. Tourism, one of the most growing activities in the whole President of National Administrative Council, Brazilian Association of Bars and Restaurants (ABRASEL) ourism – by focusing its attention on valuing physical and intangible heritage, restoring traditions and preserving and spreading the symbols of national identity – is capable of opening borders for different investments and businesses. Few nations in the world have the privilege of having a culinary with such abundance of raw material, products, seasonings and aromas. Nature was generous with Brazil. We have some of the most beautiful natural scenarios of the planet, that helped create our country. Our gastronomy is a rare combination of simplicit y and exoticism, with traces of the identity of a one-of-a-kind culture. The discovery of Brazil is a never-ending adventure. The continental enormity of the country divides it into regions with clearly distinct gastronomic characteristics.In a simple way, it can be highlighted the gastronomy from the North/ Central-West, from the Northeast and from the South/ Southeast. In the North/Central-West regions, the intensity of the forests and rivers result in a great variety of exotic ingredients, diverse region’s tourist destinations related to nature, the Amazon Forest and the Pantanal – very exclusive ecosystems that are highly preserved – are strongly explored. The Forest and the Pantanal are certainly two of the biggest natural attractions of the country. Mother Nature was especially generous with the Brazilian Northeast region. There are three thousand kilometres of 28 UNWTO Global Report on Food Tourism the most beautiful beaches of clear and warm water, bless ed with a permanent summer.In each state of the Northeast, elements of African, indigenous, and European origins are joined in an explosion of sounds, richest Brazilian gastronomies, symbol of the hospitality of a people of simple soul and chanted speech. Much more than the basic trilogy of sun, beach and sea food, the Northeast is a region that has already consolidated its touristic calling and explores with originality its traditions and typical products. On this aspect, it should be highlighted the appropriation by the coastal culinary of elements of the countryside cooking, putting side by side gains more importance with the development of highly elaborated products for the Brazilian’s and the foreign tourist’s tastes.However, so many gastronomic values reunited, such diversity and gigantic harmony existing between cultural heritage and Brazil? s natural beauties may be useless if there is no safety in the production chain related to the food and beverage in the co untry. The Brazilian Government authorities are permanently concerned with the patterns of Food Safety of all that is served to its resident population as well as to the foreign tourists that are either visiting or on business in Brazil. The rules of surveillance and control in Brazil are comprehensive and strict, but knowing this is not enough for us. It is necessary that countries they visit or work safety criteria acknowledged internationally.This acknowledgement will guarantee that international tourists can travel from country to country consuming the local food with tranquillity at the same time that they feel that their health is not in jeopardy. ABRASEL – The Brazilian Association for Bars and Restaurants is committed to assisting and developing these international criteria with special concern regarding important international sports events that will be hosted in a near future in our country. The FIFA World Cup in 2014 and the Olympic Games in 2016 will certainly hel p to disseminate the greatness of Brazilian gastronomy and the beauty and diversity of our tourist attractions. abrasel. com. br colonizers was highlighted: Portuguese, Italians, Germans and Arabs.Each of them lent to Brazilians ingredients and techniques that were developed here and allowed great part of the diverse gastronomy that characterizes us. Born in the South, the Gaucho barbecue spread all over the country and became a product of export, becoming one of the most recognized strengths of the Brazilian gastronomy abroad. In the countryside of the Southeast region, the culinary from Minas Gerais and Sao Paulo are mixed with subtle borders, resulting in different, outstanding and highly representative dishes of the Brazilian gastronomy and its culture. Our Caipirinha deserves special attention – important mark of the Brazilian intangible heritage and an internationally recognized icon.Every year the production of Cachaca UNWTO Global Report on Food Tourism 29 The Egyptia n food tourism experience Consumption is an integral aspect of the tourism experience, with the tourist consuming not only the sights and sounds, but also the taste of a place. Nearly all tourists eat out when they into another culture as it allows an individual to experience the â€Å"other† on a sensory level, beyond the purely intellectual. Locally produced food is a fundamental component of a destination’s attributes, adding to the range of attractions and the overall tourist experience. This makes food an essential constituent of tourism production as well as consumption.Furthermore, eating out is a growing form of leisure where meals are consumed not out of necessity but for pleasure, and the atmosphere and occasion are part of the leisure experience as much as the food itself. However, for tourists, eating out can both be a necessity and a pleasure. While some tourists dine simply to satisfy their hunger, others will head for a particular restaurant to experienc e the local food and cuisine, because it forms an important component of their travel itinerary. The growth of eating out as a form of consumption and the market forces of globalization have made the food products and cuisines from all over the world more accessible. This has stimulated the emergence of food as a popular topic in magazines, radio shows and television, with food shows focusing on travel and travel shows on food.In fact, the popularity of 24 hour television channels, such as Fatafeet devoted to food and its origins intertwines food with tourism so much that quite often it is hard to determine whether one is watching a food show or a travel show. Such developments have spurred an interest in experiencing the unique and indigenous food, food products and cuisines of a destination, so much so that people can cuisines or to taste the dishes of its â€Å"celebrity chef†. A very good example would be Gulf Tourists coming to Cairo in Ramadan to enjoy the unique food a nd atmosphere during the holy months in Egypt. Very often, tour operators tend to include a visit to Khan El Khalili in all Cairo schedules in order for tourists to enjoy oriental food and a unique atmosphere. From an economic point of view, nearly 100% of tourists spend money on food at their destination.Data shows that restaurant operators Egyptian Tourism Authority 30 UNWTO Global Report on Food Tourism reported that tourists are important to their business. This suggests that tourists’ food consumption makes a substantial contribution to the local restaurants, dining places, and food industry, and thereby the destination’s economy. In an increasingly competitive tourism marketplace, every region or destination is on a constant search for a unique product to differentiate itself from other destinations. Local food or cuisines that are unique to an area are one of the distinctive resources that may be used as marketing tool to attract more visitors.The growth of spec ial interest tourism is seen as a of the early 21st century leisure society. Post-modern tourism is slowly moving away from the traditional tourism attractions to being a part of an overall lifestyle that corresponds to people’s daily lives and activities. The growth of culinary tourism is seen as an outcome of this trend, as well as peoples’ tendency to spend much less time cooking, but choose to pursue their interest in food as part of a leisure experience such as watching cooking shows, dining out etc. Thus culinary tourism is a special interest for the tourist travel behavior and falls on the upper end of the food tourism interest continuum.The culinary tourist is also a cultural tourist. Thus, the obvious overlap of food as a special interest component as well as a cultural component makes the culinary tourist possibly both a special tourist and a cultural tourist. A survey of Special Interest Tours on the internet demonstrates that there are numerous tour operato rs conducting culinary tours all over the world. The culinary Cooking school holidays, Dining at restaurants famous for their local cuisines or their celebrity chefs and visiting food markets, Visiting food producers with tours specially related to just one product. Most culinary tours include a combination of all three types.In addition to the annual and periodical Culinary Awards Conferences that take place worldwide. Food is now listed as one of the components of cultural tourism, implying that food is representative of a culture. One of the dominate approaches in the social sciences used to explain food consumption is the cultural approach, with the others being economic and the psychological. With respect to tourism, even though tourists come across potentially unfamiliar foods to a greater degree at the destination than they would at home, globalization with its time and space compression has permitted more people to experience ethnic and foreign foods at their home.Finally an d as previously stated, in an increasingly competitive world of tourism marketing, where destinations look for unique selling propositions in positioning themselves, there is nothing more unique than the foods and cuisines based on locally-produced food in each destination. egypt. travel UNWTO Global Report on Food Tourism 31 Food and wine tourism in Georgia There is a strong direct link between gastronomy and tourism, and gastronomy’s role in the development of niche travel is becoming even more important. When it comes to Georgia, gastronomy plays an extremely important role in the way tourists experience the destination, and for that matter some travellers return for the sole reason of savouring the unique and diverse gastronomy the country has to offer.Therefore, it would be well substantiated to assert that gastronomy is one of the key elements of our destination’s brand image. The enjoyment of good food and drink should not be underestimated; nowadays, there is a greater appreciation of how quality food and drink contribute to individual/societal wellbeing; Georgia is making all-out efforts to gain a niche in the highly competitive global tourism market, and is keen to assert itself as an attractive destination for gastronomy tourists. From ancient times agriculture has played a major role in Georgia, and to this day it remains one of the most promising sectors of Georgia’s economy. Forty-four percent of Georgia’s total area is considered to be agricultural.The country’s agricultural production is diverse, including viticulture, cereal production, and a wide range of vegetables, fruits, nuts, livestock, dairy, citrus and tea. Wheat and corn along with the milk and dairy sector are particularly strong, with the regions of the country. Georgia’s diverse climatic conditions and natural resource endowment allow production of a wide variety of agricultural products and favour the competitive development of the sector. Agriculture, apart from being crucial for economic development, is an essential element of Georgian culture. No agriculture means no cuisine; agriculture plays an essential role in keeping the beautiful landscapes of this country alive which constitute the major assets that tourists appreciate and value when arriving to Georgia.Georgia boasts the oldest, continuous, unbroken tradition of wine making in the world which stretches back 8,000 years. In fact it is said to be the birthplace of wine. Many say that the generic word ‘wine’ stems from the Georgian word ‘gvino’. Over 500 indigenous grape varieties are still cultivated here. The warm climate and moist air rising from the Black Sea provide the perfect conditions for the cultivation of grapevines. After many centuries of perfecting the tradition, it is not surprising that Georgian wines – Saperavi, Tsinandali, Mukuzani, Teliani, Napereuli are exquisite. Winemaking remains a vital part of Georgian Georgian National Tourism Administration 32 UNWTO Global Report on Food Tourism culture and national identity.Georgian families throughout the country grow their own grapes and produce wine the old-fashioned way, by placing grape juice in underground clay jars, or kvevri, topped with a wooden lid, covered and sealed with earth, to ferment during the winter. In Georgia, the food, just like wine, is quite reasonably an expression of the culture. Georgian cuisine, like those of other countries, varies from region to region. A when traveling east to west. Each historical province of Georgia has its own distinct culinary tradition, such as, for example, Megrelian, Kakhetian, or Imeretian cuisines